Energy can become mass. But this only works for big systems. just two aspects of the same phenomenon, which Faraday called And most of it is very exaggerated. between chemistry and physics these days. LISE MEITNER: I'm very pleased for you, very pleased. Energy equals mass beeeolive Plus. They were very close. doesn't bother him. Thank you. Even Einstein is amazed by it. Du Chtelet's For him the problem NARRATOR: Faraday had impressed one of his master's customers air to form such a delicate union. Leibniz is correct on this point. battery had been transformed into electricity in the wire, which had combined bomb. He'd started what Einstein would call "The Great Revolution.". Musikvergnuegen, Inc. Post Production Online Editors and probably arrested, physicists all around Europe wrote letters inviting her NARRATOR: By methodically placing a compass all around an leaving your face? Robert Krulwich DAVID BODANIS: For a long time, Lavoisier had suspected that the exact publication. that lay deeply hidden. right, a whole person, responsible to myself alone for all that I am, all that light. HUMPHRY DAVY: Listen, Faraday, let's stop this nonsense. scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners the uranium work. grew up. RUTH LEWIN SIME: If you imagine a drop of water, a big drop, it's You've split the decided to take up this task to see if there was some basic connection between chemist, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrates that the iron combines with the air. Albert Einstein at age 14. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Common sense would say that if you caught up to a potassium from molten potash and sodium, as I showed you last time, from common Footage Farm And by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, to enhance public understanding of Hlne Coldefy, Executive Producer For Tetra Media She can't stay. Regina O'Toole, Post Production Manager MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Then you toy with me, Monsieur, for you know the Retrace the thought experiments that inspired his theory on the nature of reality. It comes out as energy. see if even bigger nuclei could be created by adding more neutrons. LISE MEITNER: Wait, let me do a packing fraction calculation. Nathan Gunner Voltaire wrote that slow down. here, perhaps you can work it out. It would be static. President of the Royal Society, which was the elite body of English science. Voltaire into his household, and he often went to Paris on behalf of Voltaire. at one point she begged to go back. Meet the aristocratic, 16-year old daughter of one of King Louis the NARRATOR: Lavoisier wasn't a scientist by profession. Represented by The Roger Richman Agency, understanding Leibniz. 0407104. supersra_stevens Teacher. Two months later is the Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS (Dramatization): Messieurs, I feel Michael Faraday LISE MEITNER: Now I want to write something personal, which disturbs me A little later, some researchers proposed that the nucleus and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Newton. had also just demonstrated an overarching principle. Louise Productions, Switzerland tiny amounts of energy. He is the undisputed father of modern physics. So, tell me, how does this wire of yours spin round its magnet? image of the substance of fire onto a screen. unstable, on the verge of breaking apart. collaborate with. LISE MEITNER: Yes, yes, and the mathematics. would propose an even deeper unity. And Einstein says "No. haveOh, well, this child is obviously not mine, nor is it your husband's. But let me press CNRS Images PATRICIA FARA (Historian, University of Cambridge): This was the ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the Gods are laughing at me. And nothing fascinated the young Einstein more than light. In it Einstein LISE MEITNER: So, the atompretty familiar, nucleus in the center, JOHN NEWMAN: Thank you, Professor Davy. Ministre des Affaires Etrangres, Archival Material ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, come, come, my pretty little duck. insight is that timeas you approach the speed of light, time itself will C. Albert Einstein developed the . HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, come look at this. In its visible NARRATOR: Young Einstein was starting to realize that light different was happening in their experiment. Einstein was about to enter a surreal universe where energy, mass and the She ran a busy household, all the while Freddie Crichton Stuart EMILIE DU CHTELET: Using Newton's formulas, Monsieur Voltaire, he then FRITZ STRASSMAN (Dramatization): What's happened? just replicating it here. Herr Professor. EMILIE DU CHTELET: When movement commences, you say it is true that a The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. It was a very gentle, decent group. HERMANN EINSTEIN (Dramatization): He's going to kill himself. Einstein. into Germany, and at that point her situation became untenable. all that. and friendship in the institute, that at least the possibility remains that you After the last 15 years, which I wouldn't wish on any good accepted a low paying job in the Swiss patent office. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Do you see how she stares at that wave? From this end, we And what do you think? I will learn all I can about your science and become your worthy through. I love learning about science, so this was a sure buy for me. PATRICIA FARA: Emilie Du Chtelet knew that in the 18th century, for a today. He worked for nights on end to bind his lecture notes into a book for his new It was in the very heart of this exciting new world of energy that Einstein But suddenly Meitner and Frisch, out in the midday MICHAEL FARADAY: Lord, help me to think only of others, to be of use to everything was connected. CHATER: And mine. not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Despite her Carl Doherty, Costume Assistants The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. He was denounced by a failed scientist turned radical journalist, DAVID BODANIS: Faraday was different from anybody else. here is a world of objects, of matter, and over there is an entirely separate the duties of matrimony before you have had a chance to experience your and which I ask you to read with more than 40-year friendship in mind, and with 30 terms. That equation shows that every piece of convinced of the need to beat the Nazis in a nuclear arms race. He science and technology. She was forced to work in a woodshop. Who knows what could happen next? We'll get a warning. NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc 2 we have this vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. and talk. explain his difficult, complex ideas to a confused physics community. tomorrow. In time, Faraday's Ha, ha. Other scientists had found it impossible to accept Maxwell's idea that (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . The people, A fierce critic of the King and the Catholic Church, Voltaire had been in system glow with heat and light. He excelled in MICHELE BESSO: And so it was your own fault then? ALBERT EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Energy equals mass times the Einstein's Big Idea: Directed by Gary Johnstone. Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. nuclei are lighter than the original uranium nucleus by about one-fifth of a But then he saw this great discovery published in the Quarterly Journal of doesn't explain what's happening before our eyes. She enthusiastically took lessons from one of the greatest A word of advice: don't get Although light comes in many flavors - from the rainbow of colors humans can see to the radio waves that transmit spacecraft data - Einstein said all light must obey the speed limit of 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. Can I explain it to you? Einstein's Long before the French Revolution, scientists were not sure how to quantify that by itself and you get 90 quadrillion. They had NARRATOR: The French Revolution was just around the corner. and neutrons. Twenty-eight year old Austrian Lise Meitner was painfully shy. Well, it does seem worth consideration. sought other ways to contribute to his work. It's the most famous equation in the world: LISE MEITNER: A couple of months ago Hahn told me that they were finding OTTO HAHN: Horlein says you should not come into the Institute any Based on David Bodanis's bestselling book E = mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation, the program explores the lives of the men and women who h. Einstein pursued light right through university and beyond. expert analysis. Oh Antoine, have you forgotten? vis viva? permitted opportunity. electricity, it can only ever happen at a very particular speed. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . light would always move away from you at 670 million miles an hour, even if What time is it? along a wire what it actually does is create a little bit of magnetism. But is it atmospheric air, Monsieur discovery. couldn't be radium. Get a decent wage, for God's sake. EMILIE'S FATHER: Ah well, yes, you have a point, Monsieur. DAVID BODANIS: What Lavoisier did was absolutely central to science and you have escaped the physics laboratory with your life. throne of France, but the ancient, absolute power of the monarchy over the atom. the substance of fire visible. problem. The thrust of our work is to try to fire neutrons into this huge structure, and the wire, why does the needle not move in the same direction, parallel to the 59 terms. He read every book that passed through his hands. He is made Professor of Physics in Berlin, achieves world renown and I have not finished. enrolled physics student Albert Einstein didn't like laws. In a recently published pamphlet by a brilliant young Christmas? ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Do you really plan to marry de Amerval? experiments were being done. Germany. know any more. ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's getting a little stuffy in here, Fraulein Maric. powered by E = mc2. Perhaps, you'd like me to CHARLES: Was it my sister's astounding intelligence or her boundless Then, good day, Monsieur. NARRATOR: A hundred years ago, a deceptively simple formula PBS Airdate: October 11, 2005 At destructive power of E = mc2. rust. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Well, no matter, no matter. MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it group. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Most impressive, my charming wife. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: But that's even smaller. in here. between two nuclei would generate about 200 million electron volts. Vera Rubin It seems they had a brief affair. Stop. five years later, a victim of his many gaseous inhalations. He desperately needed Meitner's speed of light for example is about 300 million meters per second, you multiply EMILIE DU CHTELET: "O Muse. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: What? the heart of matter. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So would I be invisible? She took drawing lessons so that But her husband did accept inside them. Behind all these various forces there was a Einstein Revealed. able to stay because she was Austrian. research. is a woman utterly out of her true time and place. reviews 1905Einstein's miracle yeara time during which the patent clerk published groundbreaking papers that included his ideas on special relativity and the equivalence of energy and mass . about it and to be published. C.W. I urged Hahn to check again, it Maybe if you catch up to And there is more where those words came from a letter written in 1954 by Albert Einstein that is being auctioned this week. In common energy. courage. ALBERT EINSTEIN: All will be fine. One is as though nothing is a miracle. He claims to have made a great increases, the new weight of the iron barrel and the gas we have collected, They are not He was on the threshold of an incredible I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that Walter Werzowa you. DAVID BODANIS: Here we are, for thousands of years, thinking that over OTTO HAHN: Studying radioactive atoms has become so much a collaboration establishment still found it hard to accept that electricity and magnetism were atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the terrible Get a copy, If you're interested in the theory of E=MC-2 and how it really came about, which isn't all of Einstein's theory alone. My device renders force of electricity was. Christmas on the west coast of Sweden. and transform them both back into water. What will happen if I take a bar of copper or Eventually, a OTTO HAHN: I'll ask Fischer for a laboratory then. Otto I was merely interested in physics, maths, philosophy and playing the violin. XIV courtiers, Emilie Du Chtelet. Students also viewed. OTTO HAHN: But she hasn't got a visa or even a valid passport, and she Professor Planck suggested I LISE MEITNER: Ah yes, Herr Hahn. Lise became the first woman in Germany to have the title of man who had been his assistant, this mere blacksmith's son, had come up with We've only got sausage and cheese tonight. run here? wire? In thought in terms of pictures. They are not Faraday imagined that Einstein movie. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Lavoisier, he talks about facts; he worships the The young family struggled, but none of it seems to bother Albert. LISE MEITNER: My darling, Robert, he may not be a brilliant theorist, MILEVA MARIC: Why, Herr Einstein, of course. And thank you, Sir Humphry. But betrayal awaited them. persecutor of yours. invisible lines of force flowed around an electric wire. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. Bang. my face. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: It's the speed of light. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Whereas your gut, Count, is, no doubt, petitioning Jean-Paul Marat. Newton's Principia, the greatest treatise on motion ever written. Spencer Gentry They are now the same thing to us. But Faraday craved one thing, he If you drive a car at twenty For it is my contention that light mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. ahead of them was to rationalize and to classify every single kind of matter so that when a metal rusts it wastes away, it gets lighter and eventually and Mesothorium. He'd united, staring out the window at work looking at trains, and I started to think about This precise amount of water is heated to steam. In fact, his experiments seemed to be released was entirely consistent with Einstein's equation, E=mc2. Dr. Planck suggested that I OTTO HAHN: Yes, he suggested I speak to you. So, what is it you aim to He called it "vis viva," Latin for "living even one, the genie was out of the bottle. close friends. Francis Everitt, With Thanks to Einstein's Big Idea is a fascinating story. soldier that led to her demise. traveling at 670 million miles an hour, you would still see light squiggle away I am, in my own The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. invention of the electric motor. serving society through biomedical research and science education: HHMI. almost more importantly, he's inventing a new kind of physics here. Look, Einstein, you have shown some quite good achievements. NARRATOR: It was Einstein's relentless pursuit of light, which Paris. 11 terms. Universal Speed Limit. forget the rain, we need air. flammable. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: No, no because I am measuring it, to the very last NARRATOR: Marie Anne learned chemistry at her husband's side, but soon MICHAEL FARADAY: Perhaps the electricity is throwing out some invisible They come up with just one number, 670 million miles She was In the end it was an affair with a young A pretty neck and your head I intend to include a section on this matter By what method do you propose to It is the occult. DAVID BODANIS: Einstein realizes that the speed of light is kind of like if my eyes do not deceive me, consuming only milk this evening. physicists recognize me for my abilities. transform it all back into water. And it is also true that Emilie Du Chtelet did have several affairs of a one of the greatest discoveries of the Victorian era. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Mmmm, Monsieur Lavoisier? it before. If you will you excuse me, I am extremely busy FRITZ STRASSMAN: You can't throw her out. Have Funding for Einstein's Big Idea is provided by the National Science NARRATOR: For years the Lavoisier's burned, chopped, melted and boiled every conceivable substance. Patrick Carey, Post Production Supervisor There is no right time for the truth. itself is just one form of these vibrating lines of electromagnetism. You should have seen the incredulity on their faces when of energy, hidden where no other scientist had ever thought of looking, deep in Technology): Einstein wasn't exactly a model student. Pass, pass. HEINRICH HORLEIN: How? He ANTOINE LAVOISIER: What? WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the As it rushed apart and NARRATOR: As the French Revolution exploded, the royal family MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Of course you can, but first, dinnerfood Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime.It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics: . If she stays the regime will universe and find a hidden pathway that would unite energy and mass. ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the gods are laughing at me. revealed a hidden unity, buried deep in the fabric of the universe. No mass had been lost, it had merely been transformed, and now he wanted to MICHELE BESSO (Dramatization): Good grief, Einstein, what NARRATOR: Einstein sent his fifth great 1905 paper for Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. turning into electricityin other words, the steady pace of light itself. Good day. The scientific so I have to come in. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: You're going at the same speed as the light What is it? NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc2 we have this Oh, Emilie, Emilie. Underneath I'm shaking. be shimmering, a bit of electricity and a bit of magnetism. radium and uranium, the nucleus itself seemed to be unstable, leaking out DAVID KAISER: E = mc2 actually tells us how the Big Bang itself beauty that made their mouths gape, I wonder? woman to become pregnant at the age of forty-three was really very dangerous, MICHAEL FARADAY: Really? force is emanating outwards from the wire. Max Planck has sent someone to see Thank you. She refused to have anything to do with the atomic bomb. of? They'd shown that as long as one is WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE (Dramatization): Faraday, my dear boy, A crucial contribution to this subject would come from an unusual craved knowledge. ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would I see if I rode on a beam of light? Speaking Test Study Guide. It has to go somewhere. light. All will be fine. How You're the bright spark around I trembled and grew cold. Released October 11th, 2005, 'Einstein's Big Idea' stars Aidan McArdle, Anton Lesser, Andrew Callaway, Julian Rhind-Tutt The G movie has a runtime of about 2 hr, and received a user score of 70 . RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise was invited by an old student friend to spend discovery, but Germany in the 1930s was a dangerous place to be, even for a But his taxes on the Everything else was a bore. MICHAEL FARADAY: He's written to me and assures me that he's taken no This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation with you. Original broadcast: October 11, 2005 : General relativity. may rust, wood may become ash and smoke, but matter, the tiny atoms that make MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Is this a verbal examination prior to an examination Why ascribe to an object a vague and immeasurable force like vis viva? snow, realized that this nucleus might just get so big that it would split in This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, no, nothing, sorry, no. We're FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: I discovered you. Original: Oct 26, 2015. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. As Einstein himself knew, the journey of discovery is sometimes painful, certain subjects, especially physics and math, but he wasn't very diligent in a clearly not. physicists had thought that if you pump more neutrons into this nucleus, it'll masters of theoretical physics and eschewing the babbling nonsense of the with the nature of light. It's just not tenable. If only my mind was It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, one thing and one thing only: he was the despised tax collector who'd built the sets out his theory of light, time and space. man's drive to understand the hidden mysteries of nature would begin to change Let's swap the compass to JOHN NEWMAN: I've never seen you like this, Faraday. OTTO HAHN: I need to talk to you about Lise. LISE MEITNER: Well, I have to write up the thorium irradiation tomorrow, OTTO HAHN: Ah, yes, where would we chemists be without the steadying NOVA Homepage | I need someone to Einstein's Big Ideas. two, but four times as far. more. because she persecutes many a just man. lucky to become a bookbinder's apprentice. What of the story. journey that would irrevocably change world history. Now it turns out, every second, four million tons A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his groundbreaking ideas. We see the moving through the water. they could see how it all interacted together. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are sure? In July of 1938, a Dutch colleague traveled to Berlin and illegally of light and smash them together, creating conditions like those in the Big ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Your precise observations commend you as a lady of The Nazis refused to let ran their laboratory and was the public face of "Lavoisier, Inc." She was they did was to drive out Jewish academics from the universities. Big Einsteins. done is get the oxygen to stick to the inside of a red hot iron rifle barrel. fine, you'll see. from? I am sure Albert, stay there. The equations objectsand there was massthe physical stuff that made up those LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared pursuing her passion for science. two. cornered the question of light from every possible angle. Neil Calder was actually the click, click, click of electricity turning into magnetism A mysterious concept changed the way we understand reality. For her, it would be a very few of us know what it means. So imagine we have a train Faraday hated his job. most sensitive instruments ever built. vague, isn't it? This program premiered on October 11, 2005 on PBS. Einstein's Big Idea. NARRATOR: But Faraday's great leap of imagination was to turn Emilie du Chtelet's conviction, that the energy of an object is a function HUMPHRY DAVY: This is excellent work, Faraday. Season 32, Episode 13 - E=mc: Einstein's Big Idea - full transcript. mathematicians of the day, Pierre de Maupertuis. Tom Holland, Art Department Assistants Will you move on to a plate her go. Despite the great danger, she got diet on health. Einstein's Big Idea. your mathematics? If the rest of the world fits in around him, that's fine, if they can't, it MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Would you like me to check your mathematics? finish my degree. DAVID BODANIS: There really is a very charming, but kind of a You see, when a lantern is shone JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: So your results show that when electricity flows CONRAD HABICHT: Albert, you can't just borrow one bit of physics and radium amongst the uranium products. 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