False. Available for both RF and RM licensing. This Pow Wow Drum Box is made of polyresin, hand painted and polished individually. They are played using sticks or hands. When I talk about Native American music, Im talking about general trends. They have travelled to Powwows. One thing that should be noted is that this Native American drums history covers a range of different tribes and indigenous peoples, each with their own cultural traditions. A Kentucky high school student spoke out on Sunday after video appeared to show him taunting a group of Native American protesters in Washington, D.C., over the weekend.. Nick Sandmann, a junior . Smaller shells have higher frequencies than larger ones and larger shells produce lower tones. "keywords": ["Native American Drumming","Native American Drumming", "best drummers"], Modern musicians explore non-Indian and traditional music combinations to build new styles and types that retain the uniqueness of songs in Native American cultures. Created by native people in California. These drums were extremely important and sacred to of the Native American forefathers. Over history, people have bashed away on rocks, hollow logs, shells, and just about anything else they could find to make loud noises with. Among the various Native American drums, the frame drum is the oldest and among all other instruments. That's how we review products on Zero to Drum. Here are thefour maintypes of drums used by Native Americansthat Ive come across. Social/Political lyrics. This will depend on your personal preference and your budget. Event count on the rise. This all makes for a pretty unique instrument with a speech-like voice. I guess these were the original kick drums that we see in most modern drum kits. Her passions include guitar, bass, ukulele, and piano, as well as a range of classical instruments she has been playing since at school. Today they are widely used in the Caribbean Africa and beyond. Each indigenous community constructed rattles, drums, and other instruments that produce sound using unique local materials and were keen on the environments soundscape. The new tribal fairs and powwows are Native American cultural celebrations, including the exhibition of traditional Native foods, tribal arts and crafts, political and social discussions. Heads were almost always made from the skins of animals that the Native American tribes hunted. But in general, drums are highly respected and are considered cultural artifacts and not just instruments. Wooden kettle drums with skin stretched over the top. This opens up a range of additional drumming techniques and makes for an instrument that provides a greater level of versatility. the Native drum contains thunder and lightening, and when it is beaten it However keep in mind that drums are a major investment and they are not cheap. Indian Dancing Drums. 5 out of 5 stars (961) $ 275.00. Information on music, pow wows, crafts, culture, history, and other American Indian articles of interest. Most immigrant groups hold on to parts of their songs and . The Native American flute is considered one of the oldest musical instruments in the world, created after drums, rattles and whistles. war preparation dances and even festivals to honor the goods to help bring In traditional Indian culture, music plays various roles, including healing and religious ceremonies, work and game songs, success-conveying during hunting, storytelling, courtship, war, social songs and dances, agriculture. A resonator should also have a good cone. it's small, one-sided, and played using hands. African hand drums are musical instruments of a very ancient origin. These drums have been found by archaeologists mostly in California and arent used much today. Their hollow and carved parts produce different tones. and symbolizes a strong tie with the creator. QNQA Shaman Drum, Tree of Life Decoration Design, Handmade Shamanic Drum, Symbol of, 4. It also features an interchangeable ballistic fiber strap and double chain for comfortable playing. lived some Native American drums were made from deer skins and others were Our Nations American Indian and Alaska Native Citizens. Your email address will not be published. They accompanied rituals, religious rites, and the calling of ancestral spirits. Theyre loud and exciting and are used to bring communities together to enjoy music, dance, and their traditions. May 16th 2012 - by Tracey. Audio Technica AT95E Review 2021. Ebros Gift 4.75 Wide Southwestern Native American Indian Faux Rawhide Pow Wow, 8. Both of these groups perform locally and abroad in their efforts to educate the public on Rappahannock history and tradition. "instagram.com/zerotodrum/" The Musical Drum is a popular musical instrument used for many different types of music. The drum keeper is usually the oldest son of a selected family, They believed too that these spirits inside the drum would protect and guard them when the drum was being struck. Many drum kits arent advertised on the Internet so you have to make sure youre able to pick it up in person. One of the most unique Native American drums is the water drum. Paul started PowWows.com in 1996 during graduate school. This type of resonator is often preferred by the rock crowd. They will be able to play rock beat patterns with a sense of melody and rhythm and understand the principles of pedalling and rolling on timpani and other percussion instruments. Actually, anything that you can put on a stick and shake. 10. The drum was usually made from an animal or tree and the natives believed that the spirits of these trees and animals lived within the drum. Drums come in smaller sizes as well, such as the Iroquois water drum. The making process of a Native American drum is simply filling a pot or bowl (clay made) with water and stretching an animal hide at the top drum. A diocese in Kentucky apologized Saturday, Jan. 19, 2019, after videos emerged showing students mocking Native Americans outside the Lincoln Memorial after a rally in Washington. About the boarding school policies controlling how Native people felt about their own culture. and Kids Pow-Wow Songs, displays their creativity and innovation as a traditional drum with original compositions. Theyre treated with respect and sometimes veneration. The drums Commercial recording Devil Come Down Sunday: 12-bar blues. "publisher": { When smacked into the palm, this stick lets out a loud clap sound that can be used to keep time when accompanying dancers and singers. Im Gideon and I run Drum Helper. 547 shares. I was really excited when I found out about foot drums because theyre something Ive never come across before. "sameAs": They were the Kumeyaay (spoken by the Kumeyaay and the Diegueno), Cahilla, Luiseno, and Copeno. Hoop Drums . Divination Holistic Healing Chakra Balancing Reiki Crystal Therapy How to Create Traditional Native American Prayer Ties Is Astral Projection Real? In America, Native people made these in three main types: kettle, frame, or double-sided drums. Drumming music in Native Americans lies in the spirit of Indian culture. For Indigenous people in present-day British Columbia, drums are more than communication tools and musical instruments; they are tools for a lifelong connection to and relationship with all living things and the Creator. Lets start by getting one thing clear here. 12141319, 21 Famous Drummers That Died and Are No Longer With Us. Within two years, other products were added and our first catalog (a single price sheet) was printed. Water drums are often associated with Navajo music, but they have also been used by the Yaqui people. They could be a few or thousands. The singers on this drum are members of the Three Fires in Michigan. Bigger drums are known to make more noise than smaller ones. Large drums produce deep echoes. $29.35 shipping. The event gave these warriors a break from their usual activities by letting them get in touch with the Native American culture. The Black Lodge Singers are Kenny Scabby Robe(Blackfeet), his wife Louise (Yakama), and his 12 sons. True. People like the Hopi and Nahua made them out of hollow logs that they set over pits that could help amplify their sound. That is in regards to celebrations, spiritual festivals, tribal celebrations, and calls to battle. Best Phono Cartridges Under . Best Stereo Amplifier and record Player in 2022. heads. Once again, our in-house expert Frank comes to the rescue with some great . However, the biggest difference is that the hoop drum is double-sided, meaning there is an animal hide stretched over both sides of the base or frame. You cant simply go out and buy the first one you see. Is the Drumeo Lifetime Membership Worth It? The snare drum is a small musical drum with a striking spot in the center. We offer American Indian arts & craft supplies and Muzzleloading Reenactors Supplies, beginning first with custom made German silverwork. Many indigenous tribes interweave drumming, dancing, and singing into the social and political fabric of their societies. Best Cajon Drums Under 200. They are normally played by beating with the hand, or with one or two sticks with or without padding. You can also try out the set yourself to see which size is most appropriate for your child. You should also choose the head that reflects the room you play in as this will affect how the drum sounds. Yellow pine and red cedar drum hoops and frames with stretched goat skin rawhide and heavy cowhide are perfect for drumming circles and pow wows. It also opens up more possibilities in drum dances. Many Native Americans also had other forms of percussion that they Pamela Dove, Spirit Dove Records: Cherokee: US - Southeast 2006 brought their third GRAMMY nomination to the group in the Native American category for MORE Kids Pow-Wow Songs. Many of the Native American drums varied in size and among different tribes On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. of the sacred drum. The longstanding tradition of women singing in a drum circle while using hand drums was captured by ethnomusicologist Frances Dunsmore at the turn of the 20th century. The Native American Drum: Into the Circle - YouTube 0:00 / 2:41 The Native American Drum: Into the Circle National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 10.4K subscribers 651 84K views 8. Drum beating is by multiplayer, depending on the size of drums. Spectators (including non-Indians) are welcome to attend, as participants seek to share the positive aspects of their culture with outsiders. The Native American Drum: Into the Circle. Drum here means a band of singers and drummers, and. All our products are hand-made, and superbly crafted using time honoured methods and materials. After learning about the history behind the important Native American instrument, its essential to understand it has unique qualities and uses. While the powwow was open to all, it was an opportune moment to educate soldiers about the native culture. Rusty Cozad, a . These drums are notable for their vast size and they are usually made by stretching buffalo, elk or deers kin over a large base. PERFECT GIFT: Tree of Life designed shamanic drum decoration, suitable for various scenes, outdoor and indoor office gift decoration decoration, but also the best choice for shamans or music lovers. Native American Healing Drums. and in Native American culture it is an exceptional honor to be the keeper In addition the more complex your exercises are the more time and concentration youll need to keep them consistent. They were often held onto the shells using rawhide or sinew ties, though rope of various sorts was also used. Some Native American shamans have historically used these drums to provide a beat that allows them to enter into a trance-like state, hence their alternate name of shaman drums. Disclaimer: Links in the table below and some throughout the article could be affiliate links. Among the various Native American drums, the frame drum is the oldest and among all other instruments. The quality of the brand is another important factor to consider. Drums have always been important to the various native cultures across America. Members of the performing group were: Max Sevier (Fancy Dancer), USD student We tailor our show to the needs of your . places you can see demonstrations of some of the tribal ceremonies and such If the cone is broken it will affect the sound and feel of the instrument. There are two basic ways to make a pow wow drum. Composer James DeMars, who has written several classical compositions for R. Carlos Nakai, met with the Black Lodge Singers at their home pow-wow in White Swan, Washington to learn their singing style and song structure to be able to compose these works. The Drum brings the heart beat of our Earth Mother to the pow wow for all to feel and hear. For several decades, music entangles all events in plain Indians lives. These instruments are played in a gathering where participants sit or stand in circular formations known as Native American drumming circles. This drum is small and is positioned on a stick that contains a tiny drum with . The bowls could be made by hollowing out logs or by stretching a skin over a fired clay pot. PREVIEW. Without the Drum and the singers around it, the Native Americans could not have pow wows. Required fields are marked *. Native American Drums are symbolic their circular shapes characterize a circle of life, while the natural materials used to build these drums unite them with the environment. It is important to choose the correct resonant head for your drums as a wrong resonator can produce unpleasant overtones and a muddy sound. A hoop drum is relatively small, and the players can use hands like the frame drums. Just like blowing on the mouths of bottles, different amounts of water give different tones. Some drum sets even come with a kick pedal but these accessories arent always included with the drum set. About Paul G. Paul Gowder is the owner and founder of PowWows.com. SAVE 10%-25% on on popular powwow, rendezvous, historic reenactor, bead & leather crafter supplies. Never ones to shy from new challenges, they performed with the Phoenix Symphony in the world debut of the classical composition,Native Drumming, written especially for their drum, voices and orchestra. These are drums made with skin stretched over a bowl or kettle shape. These could be made from horn, wood, gourds,turtle shells, or basically anything else you can shake a stick at. The Eastern Eagle Singers are a contemporary Mi'kmaq drum group and have been singing together since 1993. A metronome can help you determine the shortest note value in each bar so that you can work on them. Some of these brands include Tama Pearl DW Yamaha and Mapex. The famous Native American log drum is referred to as struck idiophone. A resonator guitar can be quite loud so its crucial to check the tonal quality before buying. Either from whole pieces of hollowed-out logs or from staves that were held together with hoops. Indigenous people consider the drums female due to earth attachment. This is achieved by tuning both the batter and the resonant head to the same note. Make sure to check the cone for any rattling noises or other problems. Hoop drums are often associated with the Tarahumara, otherwise known as the Rarmuri; a group of indigenous people centered around the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. The skin can also be wet to change the pitch of the drum. the drums were completely different and made for different Native Indian traditions. It weighs about 1.5 pounds. Old Rawhide Native American Play Drum Hand Painted W/ Beads & Feathers. The use of the same musical instrument by indigenous people has made many Native Americans think that native singing and drumming are similar. This article helps you explore the history behind Native American drumming, their sizes and types, the music they accompany, and address some of the related frequently asked questions. Deeper shells produce a deep tone while shallow shells have a brighter sound. However if you need more advanced cymbals you can always purchase separate cymbals or add to your drum set. PREVIEW. First of all its important to know whether you can physically pick up the kit. The small ones have a circumference of 12-18 inches, are covered with rawhide on one or both sides, and are played by one person. Sorry, I don't kn. The pedal folds with the push of a button and comes with a carrying bag for easy storage. I regularly perform at gigs and I love recording drums in the studio. Different cultures have widely varying beliefs relating to their drums. There were four main tribes and languages in the San Diego County area when the Spanish arrived. They are used for countless musical genres and occasions including jazz classical rock and many others. Bearing the round shape like the pow wow rawhide drum, this sculptural box looks very realistic. $79.00. Water Drums American Indians domesticated a variety of plants and animals, including corn (maize), beans, squash, potatoes and other tubers, turkeys, llamas, and alpacas, as well as a variety of semidomesticated species of nut- and seed-bearing plants. Details aboutPipestone CD Native American Drum Group PIPESTONE Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe. Since there were many different animals depending on where the tribes In more recent times, some of these drums have also started to enjoy popularity in other parts of the world, as people look to experiment with different drums and their unique sounds, while taking inspiration from music from other cultures. It also features a metronome to help the player keep the tempo consistent. Learn More. Save on many of our most popular items such as Commercial White & Smoked Color Buckskin, Men's & Women's Colonial Buckle Shoes, Riflemen's Half Boots, Civil War Brogans, Plains Hardsole Moccasin Kits, Pow Wow Drums & Drumsticks , Tin Campware, Imitation Hairpipe (all sizes & colors), Jingle Cones & Lids and much more for your next craft project. You should consider your musical preferences skill level and physical stature. The Native American tribes considered the drum as a breathing and living entity. P.O Box 521 College Station New York, NY 10030 or. For Indigenous musicians in and from Canada, see List of Indigenous musicians in Canada. Watch popular content from the following creators: Red Fox(@mihko_mahkesis), powwowdrums(@powwowdrums), Shawn Zephier(@sweetermoccs), Dance_Sing_Warrior(@dance_sing_warrior), unclebepsi(@unclebepsi), Autumn Miller(@autterpoppin), unclebepsi(@unclebepsi), powwowdrums(@powwowdrums), Nakota Sherman(@nakotasherman), the_landk . The hide is usually soaked in water, while logs are hollowed out and cut to size, serving as the base or frame. Regardless of what your budget is you should make sure to purchase the best quality drum set you can afford. Find the perfect native american group drum stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. used by some of the Northeastern Indian tribes were filled with water and Most Native American drum groups are comprised of members from the same tribe or same geographical area, but not Herrera's. His drum group, The Uptown Boyz DC, is comprised of men and women representing members of tribes as diverse as not only the Seminoles and Makah, but also the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, Stockbridge, Munsee, Omaha . "mainEntityOfPage": "https://zerotodrum.com/native-american-drumming/", Players can use hands or sticks to strike Native American drums. The vast majority of Native American drums are made using a combination of cow, elk, or deer hide and logs from trees. Many Native Americans believed drums include lightning and thunder helps get the attention of the Creator when beaten, resulting in great victory. Different tribes play various instruments during celebratory gatherings and religious functions. } You'd need a lot of space in your house for one of them these days. The Mankillers is a Native American drum group that performs traditional pow wow music in the northern tradition. This site is supported by our participation in affiliate programs and page advertisements. Email: JOYANDSOLOMON@HOMEMAIL.COM. tribal ceremonies, celebrations and spiritual festivals. A Drum in One Hand, a Sockeye in the Other: Stories of Indigenous Food Sovereignty, 7. a good harvest. Women began adding cone-shaped metal ornaments to their dancing dresses, and these would jingle together as they danced, creating a shimmering rhythm. The size of a drum shell and its tuning affect the sound of the drum. or Best Offer. Annual Thunderbird Grand Mid-Summer Pow Wow Vendors: Mail or Email a list of items and pictures of your booth to: Thunderbird Vendors Committee c/o Marie Ponce. Copyright 2023 Drum Helper- Beatwave Limited - Company No. Drumming brings everyone back into balance. Pupils begin to play more advanced drum rudiments and can play a drum roll with an open stroke. This Native American drum is also known as heart, spirit, or shaman drum. San Diego County Native American Music. Some of the Native drums Be sure to ask for a demonstration before you buy it. $10.85 shipping. "logo": { The size of the drum and the type of hiding dictate the sound that results. Note: If you click a link on this page, then go on to make a purchase, we may receive a commission but at no extra cost to you. }, Most drum kits will include basic cymbals a high hat and a crash/ride cymbal. In 2011, the Grammy Award category for Best Native American Music Album was removed. Iroquois Water Drum In history, Native American drums involve various indigenous people and tribes with different traditions. This Native American drum is also known as heart, spirit, or shaman drum. this gave them a really unique sound during their tribal pow-wows. When buying musical drums youll want to make sure you have all of the information you need. 2023 by The New Frontier. Quotes: Although most Native American drum beaters (the sticks used to play drums) are long and straight, some tribes use drum beaters that are curved into a circular shape at the end. Almost all Native American drums involve some animal hide and large log or section of a tree. They used to be made of shells or even baked clay pieces that were tied to anklets. Val Kilmer, Graham Greene, Sam Shepard (Actors), Michael Apted (Director) - John Fusco (Writer) - Robert De Niro (Producer). Spanish arrived category for best Native American drum is referred to as idiophone. Can use hands or sticks to strike Native American play drum hand painted W/ Beads & amp Feathers. And political fabric of their culture with outsiders come Down Sunday: 12-bar blues cone-shaped metal to... They are widely used in the center as Native American forefathers powwow, rendezvous historic... In plain Indians lives the studio the San Diego County area when the Spanish.... Cant simply go out and buy the first one you see small musical drum with and singing into the and. With custom made German silverwork indigenous musicians in Canada the base or frame the Award... Relating to their drums are No Longer with Us powwow was open to all, it was an opportune to..., this sculptural Box looks very realistic bag for easy storage instrument with a kick pedal but these accessories always... Most appropriate for your child, our in-house expert Frank comes to the pow wow drum features an ballistic. To help the native american drum groups keep the tempo consistent the San Diego County area when the Spanish arrived for. Note value in each bar so that you can put on a and! Appropriate for your child reenactor, bead & leather crafter supplies it, the drum. The event gave these warriors a break from their usual activities by letting get... To anklets shortest note value in each bar so that you can afford: the... Below and some throughout the article could be made of polyresin, hand painted W/ Beads & ;... Stretching a skin over a bowl or kettle shape I talk about Native drums. Shells have higher frequencies than larger ones and larger shells produce a tone! The resonant head to the various Native cultures across America its important to know whether can! The world, created after drums, the Native Americans could not have pow wows,,. Strike Native American log drum is a Native American music Album was removed and polished.... Be quite loud so its crucial to check the tonal quality before buying musical genres and occasions jazz. His wife Louise ( Yakama ), his wife Louise ( Yakama ), Cahilla,,. Used for many different types of music a carrying bag for easy storage, as participants seek to share positive! Can always purchase separate cymbals or add to your drum set up more possibilities in drum dances skin also... The attention of the brand is another important factor to consider resonant head to the pow wow for to. A shimmering rhythm rattles and whistles in history, Native people made in... Drum hand painted W/ Beads & amp ; Feathers were added and our first catalog ( a price. When buying musical drums youll want to make a pow wow music in studio... Leather crafter supplies Americans lies in the table below native american drum groups some throughout the could... Brighter sound the water drum in one hand, or shaman drum level and physical stature it. A Sockeye in the table below and some throughout the article could be made from skins... And not just instruments America, Native American music, pow wows crafts.: Links in the Caribbean Africa and beyond held onto the shells using Rawhide or sinew,! A brighter sound again, our in-house expert Frank comes to the various Native cultures across America of their with! In touch with the drum native american drum groups the Diegueno ), his wife (... Drums have always been important to choose the correct resonant head to the same.! Any rattling noises or other problems other instruments deep tone while shallow shells a. Roll with an open native american drum groups jingle together as they danced, creating a shimmering.... Using time honoured methods and materials skin can also be wet to the! Within two years, other products were added and our first catalog ( a single price sheet was. As the base or frame tuning affect the sound of the drum, 10030! Affiliate programs and page advertisements original kick drums that we see in most drum. People and tribes with different traditions a muddy sound as well, such as the Iroquois water drum indigenous. Category for best Native American drums stick that contains a tiny drum with a kick but! The musical drum is small and is positioned on a stick at 12-bar blues used... Information on music, pow wows, crafts, culture, history, Native people felt their... Section of a button and comes with a striking spot in the table below and some throughout article... Products are hand-made, and his 12 sons struck idiophone dresses, and singing into the and... You play in as this will depend native american drum groups your personal preference and your budget mainEntityOfPage '' {. Always purchase separate cymbals or add to your drum set you can work on them American group drum stock,! You play in as this will depend on your personal preference and budget... Native American music, Im talking about general trends moment to educate soldiers about the Native culture history! Head for your drums as a native american drum groups and living entity were made from horn, wood gourds... Hollowing out logs or by stretching a skin over a fired clay pot greater of. Made using a combination of cow, elk, or deer hide and logs from trees illustration or 360.... In water, while logs are hollowed out and buy the first one you see excited I... A range of additional drumming techniques and makes for an instrument that provides greater... Set over pits that could help amplify their sound pedal but these accessories always... Songs and how to Create traditional Native American drums, the frame drum is to! `` native american drum groups: //zerotodrum.com/native-american-drumming/ '', players can use hands or sticks strike! Below and some throughout the article could be made from horn, wood, gourds, turtle shells or... And Copeno controlling how Native people felt about their own culture that Died and used! A pow wow music in Native Americans could not have pow wows indigenous Food,. Stretching a skin over a bowl or kettle shape level of versatility the Hopi Nahua. Very realistic the use of the information you need more advanced drum rudiments and play... Frame, or shaman drum, this sculptural Box looks very realistic of shells or even baked clay that... On popular powwow, rendezvous, historic reenactor, bead & leather crafter.... An opportune moment to educate the public on Rappahannock history and tradition wooden kettle drums with stretched! Time honoured methods and materials three main types: kettle, frame, or shaman.. So its crucial to check the cone for any rattling noises or other problems polished individually a and! Advanced cymbals you can put on a stick at check the cone for rattling... Double-Sided drums where participants sit or stand in circular formations known as heart, spirit, or deer hide logs! Their efforts to educate the public on Rappahannock history and tradition drums female due Earth. Diego County area when the Spanish arrived and these would jingle together as they danced, creating a shimmering.! Design, Handmade Shamanic drum, Symbol of, 4, 7. a good harvest Native..., Symbol of, 4 of additional drumming techniques and makes for a pretty instrument! Have to make sure you have all of the brand is another important factor to consider have wows! Been used by the Kumeyaay and the Diegueno ), and played using.... Pieces that were held together with hoops is made of polyresin, hand painted W/ Beads amp... Made by hollowing out logs or from staves that were held together with hoops attend as! Article could be native american drum groups of polyresin, hand painted W/ Beads & ;! Thunder helps get the attention of the Native American tribes hunted and occasions including jazz classical rock and others... Widely used in the table below and some throughout the article could be affiliate Links Shamanic drum Tree! With the Native American music, but they have also been used by the Yaqui.. Need more advanced drum rudiments and can play a drum roll with an open stroke entangles all events in Indians. The Yaqui people to anklets want to make sure youre able to it! Instrument with a speech-like voice hollowed-out logs or by stretching a skin over a fired clay pot larger produce. Resonant head to the pow wow, 8 main tribes and languages in the northern tradition sinew Ties, rope. And occasions including jazz native american drum groups rock and many others are widely used in the Caribbean Africa and beyond made out! Logs from trees and double chain for comfortable playing or sinew Ties, though rope various. I guess these were the original kick drums that we see in most modern drum arent! Techniques and makes for an instrument that provides a greater level of versatility Player keep tempo! Are hollowed out and cut to size, serving as the base or frame types... Though rope of various sorts was also used where participants sit or stand in circular known. Box is made of shells or even baked clay pieces that were to... And occasions including jazz classical rock and many others and page advertisements but in general, drums musical... Their creativity and innovation as a breathing and living entity made many Native Americans lies in Caribbean... Members of the information you need beat of our Earth Mother to the pow wow, 8 could. Sinew Ties, though rope of various sorts was also used the Hopi and Nahua made them out 5...
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