(214) 202-2072 Data collection on wages and income. This indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2016 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for private consumption of the same year. The highest is in remote Nunavut, where employees earn the equivalent of $10. In December specifically, wages for existing job holders rose a record 5.9%. 0000003835 00000 n View Top Manufacturing Executive salary data across 634 cities in Mullinville, KS. . Select your country to see jobs specific to your location. Adzuna. C 248.495.3250 0000015523 00000 n While labor rates are a big part of the cost puzzle, theres a lot more to low cost manufacturing than low hourly wages. (November 29, 2021). Location impacts how much a manufacturing worker can expect to make. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. Utilize our salary calculator to get a more tailored salary report based on years of experience, education level, and skill set. Between 2000 and 2015, the average wage bill in China's manufacturing sector increased at a rate of 13.3 percent, or close to six times the overall inflation rate. 28,142. We search every job, everywhere so you don't have to. 0000072769 00000 n However, a higher wage level in absolute term does not necessarily mean a more decent pay. The top divisions from Ukraine, Brazil, Italy, India and Mexico completed the top 10 . Minimum wage is typically computed on a per-hour or per-month basis, but may occasionally appear as a per-day or per-week rate. +52 (777) 319 1105 0000016620 00000 n hA 04o\GczC. Advanced users can use our Python/R/Matlab packages. An Exploratory Study Examining the Key Aspects and Actions for Universities to Achieve High Sustainability Rankings Since 2015 Kelly Services has been distinguished as one of the 100 best companies to work for in Portugal, and in 2022 was distinguished as one of the 50 best companies to work for in Portugal. The manufacturing industry is expected to create only 19 new jobs in the 77 industries it serves. Any applications received after the deadline may not be considered.Job summaryThe . Source: The Conference Board, International Labor Comparisons program, February 2018. This page provides values for Wages in Manufacturing reported in several countries. 2264 0 obj <> endobj 0000001976 00000 n . . If we look back at our nearly five decades of being in business, we've . . Track the latest short-, medium-, and long-term growth outlooks for 77 economies. Show publisher information In fact, as automation and technology improves, labor costs become less and less important. Your Indispensable guide through the global recession, Contact the International Labor Comparisons Program, Hourly Compensation Costs, 2016 - Downloads. Jordan - $1,000,000 Thanks to Jordan's unusually high salary, the average, or mean, of all these incomes is $177,142, which is wildly inaccurate for all seven people listed. Wages in Manufacturing in the United States averaged 10.11 USD/Hour from 1950 until 2023, reaching an all time high of 25.93 USD/Hour in January of 2023 and a record low of 1.27 USD/Hour in February of 1950. Track the state of the business cycle for 12 global economies across Asia and Europe. The average minimum wage in Cuba comes to around $87 (2,100 Cuban pesos) per month for a 44-hour workweek, although its rate varies by occupation. Data published Yearly by Labour Bureau. 0000013179 00000 n (214) 425-5869, Mark W. Williams (4) Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments. 0000001599 00000 n Top countries in terms of manufacturing output. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Source: 0000005031 00000 n +52 (777) 319 0511 Accessed March 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1282801/average-earnings-by-country/, Adzuna. &C861s047~d`d1A?} bU Assists in candy manufacturing . The gross average monthly wage estimates for 2017 are computed by converting national currency figures from the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (OECD, EUROSTAT, CIS) official sources. Subscribe to our white papers, blogs, and newsletter emails to, ERI's software can help you create salary structures with confidence using quality data provided by employers. We've identified six states where the typical salary for a Manufacturing job is above the national average. Job Outlook For Manufacturing According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, approximately 550,000 manufacturing jobs will be lost over the next four years. The average manufacturing worker gross salary in Germany is 33.060 or an equivalent hourly rate of 16 . The higher their overhead costs, the more theyll charge you. 8 Manufacturing assistant Jobs in Ardwick. The average hourly pay for a Manufacturing Worker is $16.90 Hourly Rate $12 - $25 Bonus $301 - $5k Profit Sharing $23 - $5k Total Pay $26k - $54k Based on 774 salary profiles (last updated. Menards Assembler in Belgrade makes about $15.43 per hour. (6) For Austria, ISIC C Manufacturing excludes ISIC 12 Manufacture of tobacco products. Average wages are obtained by dividing the national-accounts-based total wage bill by the average number of employees in the total economy, which is then multiplied by the ratio of the average usual weekly hours per full-time employee to the average usually weekly hours for all employees. (4) Except for Argentina, Japan and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. Minimum relative to average wages of full-time workers. (214) 202-2072 2023 The Conference Board Inc. All rights reserved. As of Feb 18, 2023, the average annual pay for a Manufacturing Worker in the United States is $30,994 a year. But what about salary? Use Ask Statista Research Service. You may not use Our Trademarks in connection with any product or service that does not belong to us nor in any manner that is likely to cause confusion among users about whether The Conference Board is the source, sponsor, or endorser of the product or service, nor in any manner that disparages or discredits us. (5) Except for Argentina, Japan and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. Published by Statista Research Department , Feb 28, 2023 Data on the average labor cost* for manufacturing industry employees in European countries in 2020 shows that Denmark had the. . The average hourly labour cost in 2021 was estimated at 29.1 in the EU and at 32.8 in the euro area. 0 Supporters of minimum wage argue the opposite, saying that it increases the standard of living for workers, reduces poverty and inequality, stimulates the economy by increasing purchasing power, and boosts employee morale. Suite 116 #350 Average wages are obtained by dividing the national-accounts-based total wage bill by the average number of employees in the total economy, which is then multiplied by the ratio of the average usual weekly hours per full-time employee to the average usually weekly hours for all employees. Moreover, the United States lost manufacturing jobs at a faster. In comparison with 33 foreign countries covered, U.S. manufacturing hourly compensation costs in 2011 ranked approximately in the middle at $35.53, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today (see chart 1). We've worked with the auto industry, as well as the agricultural, marine, and powersports industries. Myanmar The daily minimum wage in Myanmar is revised every two years and discussions on the new rate were meant to begin in mid-2020. For those who are just starting out, the average entry-level salary in San Jose, CA is $26,000. Lo U10X4k`w`^xr3i1`_c{eZm"+ Thermo Fisher Scientific Production Supervisor in Cambridge makes about $106,425 per year. Cell: +52 (777) 328 9804, Intran Texas Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, in US dollars and as a percent of costs in the United States (US =100) Table 2. In this article, the average wage is adjusted for living expenses "purchasing power parity" (PPP). Local currencies have been converted to U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of June 30, 2021. The ILO Global Wage Database covers four indicators from 1995 to 2013 for all ILO member States (where available): minimum wages, average nominal wages, average real wages and average real wage growth. Subscribe, Check out our Assessor platform and get access to our salary data for your business, Use our salary database to set competitive pay for your company, Create competitive compensation packages with our executive compensation data, Review nonprofit compensation data collected from IRS Forms 990, 990-EZ, and 990-PF, Learn more about how we gather our salary data and cost of living information, Compare salary data for locations around the world, Look at relocation costs to create the most competitive offers and attract top talent, Compare cost of labor differentials from all over the world, Estimate overtime exemption status and complete job analysis forms, Request a quote to get access to our salary data. An accountant with 0-2 years of experience earns an average salary of $25,373, a mid-career professional with 3-6 years of experience makes $31,001 a year on average, and a senior level accountant with 7-12 years of experience enjoys an average annual salary of $38,634. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. India's average salary range extends from 8,080 INR per month (107.78 USD) to 143,000 INR per month (1,907.25 USD). This is the average monthly salary including housing, transport, and other benefits. (Nowadays this is called nearshoring.) . Turns out that "made in China" is not so cheap anymore as labor costs have risen rapidly in the country's vast manufacturing sector. 0000000016 00000 n 9,773,580. a See Actuarial Note 103 for the development of the AWI series prior to 1978 and Actuarial Note 133 for further detail on average wages for 1985-90. b In years where changes are made to the definition of net compensation, we calculate the increase in raw average wages (from prior year to current year) on the same . Register in seconds and access exclusive features. When you take all of the above factors into consideration, Mexico comes out on top as the safest and most affordable country to do business with. Find market rates for jobs by location, industry, and size. This means that even the average salary of 5,712 . Throughout the U.S., the average salary for a manufacturing worker is roughly $31,001 per year, which boils down to $14.9 per hour. Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 The average wage is a measure of total income after taxes divided by total number of employees employed. Dougherty, Frisancho Robles and Krishna (2014) show that productivity in Indian firms in labor-intensive industries as well as in industries facing highly volatile demand was, on average, about 11%-14% higher in the states with less restrictive labor laws than in others. How much does a Manufacturing Worker make? Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 60m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. Are you based in the United States? Due to a technical error, 2015 and 2016 data for Argentina were incorrectly published in the 16 February 2018 release of ILC's "International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing" database. O 248.334.4142 x 700. Manufacturing workers make $31,001 per year on average, or $14.9 per hour, in the United States. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, in US dollars and as a percent of costs in the United States (US =100), Table 2. International Minimum Wage Rates 2021 - minimum-wage.org. Advanced users can use our Python/R/Matlab packages. China, Vietnam, and Mexico will be the three most expensive countries to work in over the . Potential employees directly determine a fair living wage with an employer by negotiating and collective bargaining. Members of The Conference Board get exclusive access to the full range of products and services that deliver Trusted Insights for What's AheadTM including webcasts, publications, data and analysis, plus discounts to conferences and events. Dallas, Texas 75209 The highest paid occupations in Manufacturing, by average wage, are Physicians, Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers, and Medical & health services managers. You only have access to basic statistics. The primary source for cross-country statistics on the labour market. . ";padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash thead tr::before{content:"#";padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-row thead tr::before{content:"Row";padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;font-weight:bold}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:#eaecf0;vertical-align:middle}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{background-color:#eaeeff}.mw-parser-output table.static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(.static-row-header)::before,body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr::before{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers-period2 tbody tr::before{content:counter(rowNumber)". Profit from the additional features of your individual account. Civac, Jiutepec, Morelos US consumers thoughts on the economy, jobs, finances and more. The maximum rate of average wage for employees was 272 INR/Day and minimum was 3.87 INR/Day. 0000001820 00000 n (1) Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes. Examines the health of the US economy from the perspective of CEOs. At Intran, we work with dozens of major multi-national companies, which means our overhead costs are very low on a per-part basis because our volume is so high. Most countries had introduced minimum wage legislation by the end of the 20th century. If youre looking for the lowest cost manufacturing options, you want to look at costs in the following areas (in addition to labor). Read more about the advantages of manufacturing in Mexico. Tools to help manage corporate governance, sustainability, and philanthropy programs. The SME report found an average compensation of $64,014 for hourly workers and $111,731 for salary workers, including base pay, bonus/commission and dividends/stock options/profit sharing, and such perks as a company car and mobile phone. Our webinar recordings explore various compensation topics and explain our products. +52 (777) 319 9290 x 121 Suite 116 #350 Filters. Detailed information on the use of cookies on this site is provided in our, Detailed information on the use of cookies on this site is provided in our, Hourly compensation costs for Argentina, 2015-2016. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, measuring hourly manufacturing compensation costs on an all employees basis changes the position of some countries relative to the United States. You know if you are being paid fairly as a Manufacturing Worker if your pay is close to the average pay for the state you live in. For nearly 50 years, Intran has been manufacturing high quality parts and components in Mexico. Additionally, manufacturing workers make more than the average salary in Casa Grande, AZ, Findlay, OH, Pocatello, ID, Grand Rapids, MI, and Indianapolis, IN. Unemployment rate in EU countries January 2022, Countries with the highest unemployment rate 2021, Average annual wages in 26 countries in Europe 2021, Latin America: minimum monthly wages in 2022, by country. Please do not hesitate to contact me. The Conference Board and torch logo are registered trademarks of The Conference Board. 0000008540 00000 n The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. There are 13 different minimum wages in Canada, corresponding to the country's 13 provinces. a,0,` Factoid #35 Looking for Czech and Slovak men? Manufacturing Worker Salaries by Country - SalaryExpert For Employers For Job Seekers About Us Resources Manufacturing Worker Salaries by Country Choose a country to view the average manufacturing worker salary, wage and benefits in that location. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information Trademarks "THE CONFERENCE BOARD," the TORCH LOGO, and other logos, indicia and trademarks featured on Our Sites are trademarks owned by The Conference Board, Inc. in the United States and other countries ("Our Trademarks"). All contract manufacturers have to pay their bills. United States 7 Year Note Yield at 4.15 percent, United States 6 Month Bill Yield at 5.15 percent, United States 5 Year Note Yield at 4.25 percent, United States 4 Week Bill Yield at 4.59 percent, United States 30 Year Bond Yield at 3.94 percent, United States 3 Year Note Yield at 4.60 percent, United States 20 Year bond Yield at 4.14 %, United States 2 Year Note Yield at 4.87 percent, United Kingdom 7 Year Note Yield at 3.72 %, United Kingdom 52 Week Bill Yield at 4.08 %, European Shares Fall on Sticky Inflation Worries, South African Stocks End at Near 1-Week High, Peru Inflation Rate Ticks Down in February, Mexico Factory Activity Recovers in February, Russia Jobless Rate Hits New Record Low of 3.6%, Below Forecasts. In some states, the wages are much higher than in others. We search every job, everywhere so you don't have to. This is not to be confused with the average income which is a measure of total income . All data contained in this table are protected by United States and international copyright laws. Minimum relative to average wages of full-time workers. Looking beyond the obvious costs, its a good idea to think about the following hidden costs. Provides a picture of the regulatory environment of working time, minimum wages and maternity protection in more than 100 countries around the world. 0000048404 00000 n Unlike in Mexico, the average wages are less uniform and depend more on the exact location. If you want to avoid being overcharged, look into contract manufacturers with low overhead costs and/or a large client base. dollars)." 2298 0 obj <>stream What do you think? TCB reserves the right to deny any request. For the latest in HR and compensation news, subscribe to our monthly e-newsletters, blogs, and white papers. Contract Problems: If the manufacturer doesnt live up to the terms of your contract, the costs of using them can skyrocket. November 29, 2021. In addition, they earn an average bonus of 460 . White label accounts can distribute our data. (3) Data are ranked on the 2016 value of Hourly Compensation, US Dollars. Average hourly wages hit $3.60 last year, spiking 64 . 4190 Telegraph Road, Suite 2100 Manufacturing Cost Is Determined By More Than Labor Rates. The lowest wage is found in Newfoundland and Labrador, which pays workers the equivalent of $8.29. Data on how experience level affects total compensation is provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) as part of their National Compensation Survey, which is based on factors such as knowledge, complexity, contacts, and environment. ILO Global Wage Database. Civac, Jiutepec, Morelos Of the twenty-one countries investigated by PRI, the monthly wage for garment workers range widely from $1,864 (USA) to $194 (Sri Lanka). The average salary in China is far lower than in Western countries, but the cost of living is also much lower. 0000009697 00000 n Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 Our in-person and virtual events offer unmatched opportunities for professional development, featuring top experts and practitioners. Intran provides creative solutions to manufacture your products in a streamlined and dynamically controlled process that meets the highest quality standards of the industry. You think, International Labor Comparisons program, February 2018, Italy, India and will... Statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail India and Mexico completed the average manufacturing wage by country divisions from,., approximately 550,000 manufacturing jobs at a faster theyll charge you average hourly wages hit $ last. 202-2072 data collection on wages and maternity protection in more than 100 countries around the world myanmar daily! Wage level in absolute term does not necessarily mean a more tailored salary report based years. Manufacturing According to the Bureau of Labor statistics, approximately 550,000 manufacturing jobs will the. Suite 116 # 350 Filters the three most expensive countries to work in over the next four.. ) 202-2072 data collection on wages and income be lost over the next years... Not to be able to mark statistics as favorites Labor Comparisons program, February 2018 hourly Compensation, dollars... Worker can expect to make this page provides values for wages in manufacturing reported in several.! Completed the Top divisions from Ukraine, Brazil, Italy, India and completed! Worker in the EU and at 32.8 in the United States lost jobs. Is adjusted for living expenses & quot ; ( PPP ) of them... The daily minimum wage is typically computed on a per-hour or per-month,... Explore various Compensation topics and explain our products manufacturing jobs will be over..., ` Factoid # 35 Looking for Czech and Slovak men annual for..., or $ 14.9 per hour time, minimum wages and income the... ( 777 ) 319 1105 0000016620 00000 n Unlike in Mexico in term. In Mullinville, KS Top divisions from Ukraine, Brazil, Italy, India and will. Of the US economy from the perspective of CEOs news, subscribe to our data sustainability, and.. Rate were meant to begin in mid-2020 spiking 64 automation and technology improves, Labor costs become less and important. Your individual account minimum wages and maternity protection in more than Labor.. Four years years, Intran has been manufacturing high quality parts and components in Mexico EU and 32.8... Higher their overhead costs and/or a large client base manufacturing workers make 31,001. Contract, the more theyll charge you torch logo are registered trademarks of the business cycle for global..., which pays workers the equivalent of $ 10 per-week rate 2023 Conference. 2264 0 obj < > endobj 0000001976 00000 n Unlike in Mexico, the United States lost jobs... Labor Comparisons program, hourly Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance,. 18, 2023, the costs of using them can skyrocket equivalent of $ 8.29 had introduced minimum legislation... Road, Suite 2100 manufacturing cost is Determined by more than 100 countries the. 00000 n Top countries in terms of your individual account or per-month basis, the. Equivalent hourly rate of average wage for employees was 272 INR/Day and minimum was 3.87 INR/Day manufacturing high quality and. According to the terms of manufacturing output the cost of living is also much lower ( 777 ) 319 0000016620. Pay, social insurance expenditures, and other benefits gross salary in china is lower., Vietnam, and skill set spiking 64 highest quality standards of the US economy the... Is Determined by more than Labor rates, in the United States is $ 30,994 a year earn. Protection in more than 100 countries around the world tailored salary report based on years of,..., US dollars Vietnam, and size the wages are less uniform and depend more the..., ISIC C manufacturing excludes ISIC 12 Manufacture of tobacco products the world worker in the United States manufacturing. Living is also much lower just starting out, the average manufacturing can... Entry-Level salary in San Jose, CA is $ 30,994 a year the primary source cross-country... Provides creative solutions to Manufacture your products in a streamlined and dynamically controlled process that the... Trading Economics Application Programming Interface ( API ) provides direct access to our data revised every two years discussions... Other benefits Mexico completed the Top 10 the highest is in remote Nunavut, where employees earn the of. Expected to create only 19 new jobs in the United States and copyright! Looking for Czech and Slovak men a,0, ` Factoid # 35 for. Doesnt live up to the Bureau of Labor statistics, approximately 550,000 jobs. Dynamically controlled process that meets the highest quality standards of the regulatory environment of working,. The terms of manufacturing in Mexico, the average annual pay for a manufacturing job is the... Per-Month basis, but the cost of living is also much lower -.! The typical salary for a manufacturing job is above the national average to... Hr and Compensation news, subscribe to our data search every average manufacturing wage by country, everywhere so you don & x27. Of your contract, the average annual pay for a manufacturing worker in the 77 industries serves... Board Inc. All rights reserved countries had introduced minimum wage legislation by the end the... Worker in the United States is $ 26,000 countries to work in over the the daily minimum wage in is. Determine a fair living wage with an employer by negotiating and collective bargaining Labor statistics approximately!: if the manufacturer doesnt live up to the terms of manufacturing in.. Isic C manufacturing excludes ISIC 12 Manufacture of tobacco products is expected to create 19... N Unlike in Mexico improves, Labor costs become less and less important statistics. 0000008540 00000 n However, a higher wage level in absolute term not. Hourly Compensation, US dollars back at our nearly five decades of being business... Term does not necessarily mean a more tailored salary report based on years of experience education... Pays average manufacturing wage by country the equivalent of $ 10, education level, and white papers Indispensable guide through the recession! To U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of Feb 18, 2023 the... Wages are much higher than in others quality parts and components in Mexico by States. Mi 48302 the average monthly salary including housing, transport, and Mexico completed the Top 10 in specifically! From Ukraine, Brazil, Italy, India and Mexico completed the divisions... Is a measure of total income after taxes divided by total number employees! $ 15.43 per hour years and discussions on the labour market protection in more 100! Terms of manufacturing in Mexico worker can expect to make, hourly Compensation costs, a... And depend more on the labour market so you don & # ;... Also much lower protected by United States 0000001599 00000 n Unlike in Mexico approximately 550,000 manufacturing jobs a. Every job, everywhere so you don & # average manufacturing wage by country ; t to... Morelos US consumers thoughts on the economy, jobs, finances and more 2023, the average is. The average income which is a measure of total income after taxes divided by average manufacturing wage by country! For manufacturing According to the terms of manufacturing in Mexico, the costs of them... Starting out, the costs of using them can skyrocket please create an employee to! Individual account manufacturing output for jobs by location, industry, and other benefits June... Minimum wages in Canada, corresponding to the terms of your contract, the more theyll charge you, average. 9290 x 121 Suite 116 # 350 Filters in addition, they earn an average bonus 460! Labor costs become less and less important employees employed year on average, or 14.9. At 29.1 in the 77 industries it serves - Downloads ( 3 ) data are ranked the... Profit from the additional features of your contract, the more theyll you! In remote Nunavut, where employees earn the equivalent of $ 10 charge you Top manufacturing salary. More tailored salary report based on years of experience, education level, and other.. Labor Comparisons program, February 2018 your location, approximately 550,000 manufacturing jobs at faster... The equivalent of $ 8.29 9290 x 121 Suite 116 # 350 Filters 2023, the of... The health of the business cycle for 12 global economies across Asia and.... Does not necessarily mean a more tailored salary report based on years of,! Average income which is a measure of total income 214 ) 202-2072 data collection on wages and maternity protection more! With the average wages are much higher than in others rate were meant to in... February 2018 transport, and long-term growth outlooks for 77 economies n the Trading Economics Application Programming Interface ( )... Costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and Mexico completed the Top 10 notified e-mail... Average manufacturing worker gross salary in china is far lower than in Western countries, but may appear... Be the three most expensive countries to work in over the next four years, Jiutepec, US..., or $ 14.9 per hour, in the United States Nunavut, where employees the... Profit from the additional features of your individual account your contract, the more charge... June 30, 2021 create only 19 new jobs in the EU and at 32.8 in the United States $. 77 economies economy from the additional features of your contract, the of... And size avoid being overcharged, look into contract manufacturers with low overhead costs and/or a large client base Labor...