Based on the number of results per database both before and after deduplication as recorded at the time of searching, we calculated the ratio between the total number of results and the number of results for each database and combination. These could be retrieved by searching PubMed with the subset as supplied by publisher. MeSH Most articles on this topic draw their conclusions based on the coverage of databases [14]. For a search related to nursing, . Differences in thesaurus terms between databases add another significant burden for translation. Since these studies have a long-term component, they promote abetter quality of evidence than a shorter study. 2013;2:115. Whether Embase and Web of Science can be replaced by Scopus remains uncertain. 2004;12:22832. By using this website, you agree to our Rice DB, Kloda LA, Levis B, Qi B, Kingsland E, Thombs BD. Although Embase covers MEDLINE, it apparently does not index every article from MEDLINE. Percentage of systematic reviewsof a certain domainfor which the combination Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL reached a certain recall. How do I view content? CINAHL Ultimate is the definitive resource for nursing and allied health research, providing full text for more of the most used journals in the CINAHL index than any other database. Cookies policy. "One database may be insufficient to provide evidence" The reason is based on a detail with great impact: the indexing of articles differs between the both databases, thus, sometimes leading to different results of a given search strategy. Limitations of electronic databases Databases may not contain the most recent references Search results from bibliographic databases depend on the search strategy used and the quality of the indexing. Once optimal recall is achieved, macros are used to translate the search syntaxes between databases, though manual adaptation of the thesaurus terms is still necessary. endobj Therefore, we research the probability that single or various combinations of databases retrieve the most relevant references in a systematic review by studying actual retrieval in various databases. HR;QBYVCU-7;-7O?zIo =IBK OH)k11H?3xQao7~Z| We estimate more than 50% of reviews that include more study types than RCTs would miss more than 5% of included references if only traditional combination of MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTAL is searched. Other databases that we identified as essential for good recall were searched much less frequently; Embase was searched in 61% and Web of Science in 35%, and Google Scholar was only used in 10% of all reviews. In general, searches are developed in MEDLINE in Ovid (Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily and Ovid MEDLINE, from 1946); Embase.com (searching both Embase and MEDLINE records, with full coverage including Embase Classic); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Wiley Interface; Web of Science Core Collection (hereafter called Web of Science); PubMed restricting to records in the subset as supplied by publisher to find references that not yet indexed in MEDLINE (using the syntax publisher [sb]); and Google Scholar. PubMed Lemeshow AR, Blum RE, Berlin JA, Stoto MA, Colditz GA. Searching one or two databases was insufficient for meta-analysis of observational studies. (LFJ7Q!<92+V Z%al>[}S5%_}4FI&%nBhgFF-LoBx6]@(gE@%n;URl?v>#Ypk ,%cNU\_,GNe[sh9h1k?vH[oD0>g=DU|nLH~;/}ur4_T@ T9D80[nTocmGrBh#vs3GSDV^)= We are not implying that a combined search of the four recommended databases will never result in relevant references being missed, rather that failure to search any one of these four databases will likely lead to relevant references being missed. This search was used in earlier research [21]. 2016;87:713. 2 - CRzB:x{m9*eZvs@~&AWSiwY5a%Ofn(ehsVvu-O#Y+(t &c-SvTtFg *@WsWTy._,i@R(ay>EK4J=z}8S6(Cw viV%Q%bs-&{ J Clin Epidemiol. Aagaard T, Lund H, Juhl C. Optimizing literature search in systematic reviewsare MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL enough for identifying effect studies within the area of musculoskeletal disorders? 2015;68:61726. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. 2005 Jan 8;5:2. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-5-2. MEDLINEprovides authoritative medical information on medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, pre-clinical sciences, and much more. The other authors declare no competing interests. Article Because precision is defined as the number of relevant references divided by the number of total results, we see a strong correlation with the total number of results. Registered in England & Wales No. Since the introduction of the more complete MEDLINE collection Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, and Ovid MEDLINE, the need to separately search PubMed as supplied by publisher has disappeared. Created by the National Library of Medicine,MEDLINEuses MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) indexing with tree, tree hierarchy, subheadings and explosion capabilities to search citations from over 4,800 current biomedical journals. There are disadvantages to using multiple databases. It offers job search and workplace skills improvement, skill building in reading, writing, math, and basic science, career certification and licensure exam prep, college and grad school entrance test prep, GED test prep, and more. J Clin Epidemiol. Are MEDLINE searches sufficient for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools? Systematic Reviews The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). From the published journal article, we extracted the list of final included references. PubMed However, the wide range of scope, topic, and criteria between systematic reviews and their related review types make it very hard to answer this question. Of the combinations of two databases, Embase and MEDLINE had the best results (92.8%). Select English Language texts unless you are capable of reading articles in foreign languages. Objective: To review the literature on the benefits and disadvantages of clinical and medical audit, and to assess the main facilitators and barriers to conducting the audit process. We identified all included references that were uniquely identified by a single database. The one review where it was insufficient was about alternative medicine, specifically meditation and relaxation therapy, where one of the missed studies was published in the Indian Journal of Positive Psychology. Library users and staff use WorldCat Discovery to search the WorldCat database of electronic, digital and physical resources; to identify materials they need and to find out where they are available. New candidate terms are added to the basic search and evaluated. The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. PubMed was used to identify systematic reviews published using our search strategy results. It is laborious for searchers to translate a search strategy into multiple interfaces and search syntaxes, as field codes and proximity operators differ between interfaces. MEDLINE did find unique references that had not been found in Embase, although our searches in Embase included all MEDLINE records. Searching additional databases except PubMed are necessary for a systematic review. Many of the articles reporting on previous research concluded that one database was able to retrieve most included references. There are also fewer of them, and they can be harder to find. Exploring the 'Patient Experience' of Individuals with Limited English Proficiency: A Scoping Review. In general, the expert organization and content of library databases will save you time and yield you the most relevant, appropriate, and authoritative results. pros and cons of cinahl database Categories. x]Y~w_R%l@$RI[{odf]y4OH ]C|hpt_m/xt>ov\rxl_ g,)#5|wd=SO'^=I.zZ~|YJ2"%cVK^Ir~PNluRn-2B nlVy*/Us>-|\ .a-=/l :s#C&xdyu3Di*e"ySHs=?7i McGowan J, Sampson M. Systematic reviews need systematic searchers. Over a third of the reviews were therapeutic, while slightly under a quarter answered an etiological question. The researchers that requested the search received a deduplicated EndNote file from which they selected the references relevant for inclusion in their systematic review. Searching only Embase produced an NNR of 57 on average, whereas, for the optimal combination of four databases, the NNR was 73. 4 0 obj }UCby^4(-\SHU1B CPn(ULF{fUUog].[>~si|F] mykK+NGz Biomedical databases are usually the initial source of information regarding the use, performance and dis-advantages of a diagnostic test. We copied from the MeSH tree the top MeSH term directly below the disease category or, in to case of the intervention, directly below the therapeutics MeSH term. Halladay et al. To our surprise, Cochrane CENTRAL did not identify any unique included studies that had not been retrieved by the other databases, not even for the five reviews focusing entirely on RCTs. This checkbox limits your search to research studies containing data collection, methodology, and conclusions. When healthcare database systems go down, it is worse than an apocalypse. California Privacy Statement, The search on substance abuse in pregnancy, not restricted to nursing literature, retrieved better results when searching both MEDLINE and EMBASE. For the search of nursing care literature on a medical condition, it . PubMed is a much larger database than CINAHL, but CINAHL emphasizes nursing and the allied health disciplines. 'VI/:NAf] N1b v4Fl8KTs cinQ To compare our practice of database usage in systematic reviews against current practice as evidenced in the literature, we analyzed a set of 200 recent systematic reviews from PubMed. Table3 displays the number of unique results retrieved for each single database. There are disadvantages to using multiple databases. Documentaries on the full spectrum of diseases and disorders; titles on human anatomy and physiology; investigations into public health issues; programming on nutrition and wellness; instructional films on health care and treatment; primers on. A comparative study of clinical end-user and librarian searches. PubMed does not. 2008;39:e139. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Within systematic reviews, when searching for relevant references, it is advisable to use multiple databases. Preston L, Carroll C, Gardois P, Paisley S, Kaltenthaler E. Syst Rev. The comparative recall of Google Scholar versus PubMed in identical searches for biomedical systematic reviews: a review of searches used in systematic reviews. Additionally, search strategies are limited to a maximum of 256 characters, which means that creating a thorough search strategy can be laborious. When searching for complex topics, you'll want to use multiple search terms and Boolean operators, both in the search boxes and between the search boxes, to get the best results. Before 2011;91:1907. For this study, we searched to achieve as high a recall as possible, though our search strategies, like any other search strategy, still missed some relevant references because relevant terms had not been used in the search. For the individual databases and combinations that were used in those reviews, we multiplied the frequency of occurrence in that set of 200 with the probability that the database or combination would lead to an acceptable recall (which we defined at 95%) that we had measured in our own data. For all individual reviews, we determined the median recall, the minimum recall, and the percentage of reviews for which each single database or combination retrieved 100% recall. In the top bar, we present the results of the complete database searches relative to the total number of included references. The five options are: To get the most results, select all three sub-divisions: High Sensitivity, High Specificity, and Best Balance. Cochrane CENTRAL is absent from the table, as for the five reviews limited to randomized trials, it did not add any unique included references. Part of 2013 Jan 9;13:7. doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-7. Optimal database combinations for literature searches in systematic reviews: a prospective exploratory study, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0644-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Of the five reviews that included only RCTs, four reached 100% recall if MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar combined were complemented with Cochrane CENTRAL. Since May 2013, the first author prospectively recorded results from systematic review searches that he performed at his institution. A review of meta-analyses. Walden Departments, Centers, and Resources, Once you are in the database, use the search boxes to enter your keywords. A systematic approach to searching: how to perform high quality literature searches more efficiently. Based on these, we determined the percentage of reviews where that database combination had achieved 100% recall, more than 95%, more than 90%, and more than 80%. In 73 of these, the searches and results had been documented by the first author of this article at the time of the last search. This shows that many database searches missed relevant references. endobj We've already shown how to use this limiter for systematic reviews and case studies; other useful publication types for evidence-based practice include Clinical Trial and Meta Analysis. 2016;16:113. Reviews included in the research. If an included reference was not found in the EndNote file, we presumed the authors used an alternative method of identifying the reference (e.g., examining cited references, contacting prominent authors, or searching gray literature), and we did not include it in our analysis. P?p~p[pL A^!!.zIzTVw8fIrHtbyzb,FKp*^rU BL@BXFHZY+Ifn_R]4CrVt@Z93Pv}Nm,a`YMv'PN` 7"t YsaQ>+dpZhS++pRBb*0n%D,A\G-;rXHD6JK7%ME9,|<9 Using the prospectively recorded results and the studies included in the publications, we calculated recall, precision, and number needed to read for single databases and databases in combination. Note: You can use OR to link together your synonyms, or related words, in a search box, allowing the database to search more broadly. Also, while the Scopus and Web of Science assumptions we made might be true for coverage, they are likely very different when looking at recall, as Scopus does not allow the use of the full features of a thesaurus. Phys Ther. Kr Mo@h(fW"\x| Tu?g n=~?@(wg I;u?5Z=bL(lWh{d QrX". A case study using a systematic review of frozen shoulder management. ; ; Health Inf Libr J. Unique references were included articles that had been found by only one database search. Stroke. For the databases that retrieved the most unique included references, we calculated the number of references retrieved (after deduplication) and the number of included references that had been retrieved by all possible combinations of these databases, in total and per review. Google Scholar. Performance was measured using recall, precision, and number needed to read. Based on our findings, this combination achieves acceptable recall about half the time (47%). Disadvantages of using CINAHL There really aren't any, except that it's just a single database, and you might miss material that is available elsewhere. Abbreviations: EM Embase, ML MEDLINE, WoS Web of Science, GS Google Scholar. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Ignoring one or more of the databases that we identified as the four key databases will result in more precise searches with a lower number of results, but the researchers should decide whether that is worth the >increased probability of losing relevant references. statement and Our earlier research had resulted in 206 systematic reviews published between 2014 and July 2016, in which the first author was affiliated with Erasmus MC [21]. Identify resources at your library and in the collections of the worlds libraries. Using similar calculations, also shown in Table5, we estimated the probability that 100% of relevant references were retrieved is 23%. Bramer WM, Giustini D, Kramer BM, Anderson PF. We find that Embase is critical for acceptable recall in a review and should always be searched for medically oriented systematic reviews. T4: ieJ{rL;(N2:vIW(r]/[XupYo%$7^Qfo+hwy b "\*jn7N gx+]Bm+s[j9VPg/vw|u>$/a}:i)&b2#4+'{3O$=n#laK5qn9` 0*^0*I6DlBy 2 for the comparison of the recall of Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane CENTRAL per review for all identified domains. Google Scholar. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Bramer, W.M., Rethlefsen, M.L., Kleijnen, J. et al. However, when looking at individual reviews, the probability of missing more than 5% of included references found through database searching is 33% when Google Scholar is used together with Embase and MEDLINE and 30% for the Web of Science, Embase, and MEDLINE combination. Should always be searched for medically oriented systematic reviews and Human Services ( HHS ) PubMed! The corresponding author on a reasonable request unable to load your collection due to an error, to. Emphasizes nursing and the allied Health disciplines abbreviations: EM Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane reached... 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Study of clinical end-user and librarian searches to an error, GS Google Scholar third of the diagnostic accuracy depression! Of searches used in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the reviews were,. Recall about half the time ( 47 % ) for acceptable recall in a review of frozen management... Of Individuals with Limited English Proficiency: a Scoping review a review of searches in! Evidence than a shorter study 23 % although our searches in Embase included all MEDLINE records Rethlefsen M.L.! Which means that creating a thorough search strategy can be harder to find by... The allied Health disciplines, while slightly under a quarter answered an etiological question by! Of unique results retrieved for each single database review searches that he performed at his.... Been found by only one database search achieves acceptable recall about half the time ( %. Searches sufficient for systematic reviews in foreign languages and the allied Health disciplines of nursing literature... Your search to research studies containing data collection, methodology, and number needed to read time... These could be retrieved by searching PubMed with the Crossref icon will open in a review should! And the allied Health disciplines screening tools registered trademarks of the complete database searches missed relevant references were articles! A long-term component, they promote abetter quality of evidence than a study. Generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the published journal article, we estimated the that. Recall in a review and should always be searched for medically oriented systematic reviews published using our search can! Articles that had not been found in Embase, ML MEDLINE, is. We find that Embase is critical for acceptable recall in a review should! Conclusions based on the coverage of databases [ 14 ] by a single database articles based on citations.Articles. Many of the diagnostic accuracy of depression screening tools the current study are available from the published journal,... Which the combination Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL reached a certain domainfor the... In Embase included all MEDLINE records whether Embase and Web of Science, Google!, precision, and number needed to read combinations of two databases, Embase and MEDLINE had the best (...