GradeSaver, Read the Study Guide for The Ballot or the Bullet, Malcolm X: His Voice in Poetry and Politics, A Question of Appeal: Rhetorical Analysis of Malcolm X and MLK, View Wikipedia Entries for The Ballot or the Bullet. This was effective because he is making it known what the administration thinks about the African American vote; he hopes to make sure that they know and remember what the. Rhetorical devices in The Ballot or the Bullet [ 2] Rhetorical devices To build a more compelling case against white Americans and the political class, meant to inspire the audience to fight for their rights with any means, the speaker uses a series of language tools called rhetorical devices. In the speech, he uses colorful language and straight talk to drive his messages surrounding voting rights, self-defense, and what he believed were worthwhile goals of the Civil Rights Movement home to his audience. Why did Malcolm X deliver "The Ballot or the Bullet"? repetition of the first word of a clause at the end of the same clause, intentional repitition of 3 or more consanant sounds among nearby words, "If we don't do something real soon, I think you'll have to agree that we're going to be forced either to use the ballot or the bullet. Its 100% free. "I'm not here tonight to discuss my religion. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. He wanted them to vote for who they felt was the right choice to benefit blacks. (Malcolm X) Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska on May 19, 1925. . 5- Parallelism: Wrapping Up. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. ", "Cassius Clay can sing, but singing didn't help him to become the heavyweight champion of the world; swinging helped him become the heavyweight champion", "It's not so good to refer to what you're doing as a "sit-in." He notes that politicians are more aware of this fact than African Americans, so they tell African Americans whatever will secure their vote. In a speech on May 18, 1858, Abraham Lincoln said, "To give victory to the right, not bloody bullets, but peaceful ballots only are necessary. The Ballot or the Bullet essays are academic essays for citation. Compared to whom we are now. Using the comment feature in Microsoft Word, this resource includes critical commentary and analysis of the figurative and connotative meanings, rhetorical devices (logos, ethos, pathos), parallelism, allusions, themes aligned with the RI1, RI2, RI4, RI6, and RI8 standards from the Common Core . But, as a human being, he is also easily influenced by what others said about him. Originally obtained from. Self-determination is the key to African American success, Democrats and Republicans work together to conspire against the advancement of African Americans' rights, African Americans must join together to redefine civil rights violations as human rights violations in order to take their case to the United Nations. In "The Ballot or the Bullet," Malcolm X clarifies that African Americans have no inherent bias toward the white man; they are "anti-exploitation . He thought Democrats and Republicans worked together to deny African Americans their rights. He gave this speech on April third in order to talk about both the election and how African-American people should proceed in order to benefit from the election. Let the world know the hypocrisy that's practiced over here. Malcolm wants the audiences to understand they have the power to change America or still continue to allow the government to control. Malcolm X is the minister of Muslim Mosque Incorporated, just like Martin Luther King and Adam Clayton Powell are both Christian ministers. At numerous times throughout the speech, Malcolm X recounts founding father Patrick Henry's famous quote, "Give me liberty, or give me death," when he tells African Americans the time has come to choose between "the ballot or the bullet.". The purpose was to allow black people to realize the events that were happening in their lives. Malcolm X was a civil rights leader and part of The Nation of Islam. Some of them were, some were atheists. In April 1964, in the midst of a 54 day Senate filibuster of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, Malcolm X gave his famous speech, The Ballot or the Bullet. If the ballot doesn't work, Malcolm X says, then African-Americans will have to resort to the bullet. Using the comment feature in Microsoft Word, this resource includes critical commentary and analysis of the figurative and connotative meanings, rhetorical devices (logos, ethos, pathos), parallelism, allusions, themes . Whenever you are going after something that is yours, you are within your legal rights to lay claim to it. . These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Ballot or the Bullet by Malcolm X. Let him know that it must be the ballot or the bullet."( page 3 paragraph 3) This few but moving lines show the emotional side of how the african americans feel. 1964, against a backdrop of segregation and social unrest. Malcolm X delivered "The Ballot or the Bullet" to foster a relationship with other civil rights leaders and announce his desire to work with all groups of African Americans after leaving the Nation of Islam. Malcolm's purpose was to emphasize the idea that the black community needs to be . 195196. . He explains to the crowd that self-determination is the key to success. He declares that religion is a personal matter, not a political one. Malcolm X maintained his use of repetition as "communications of the passion that is satisfied by a single statement, but that beats through the pulses",[27] and this can be exemplified by his consistent use of the phrase "the ballot or the bullet". A coward can sit. It took decades for the men involved to be prosecuted as FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, prevented their prosecution in 1968. "my community with their false promises, building up our hopes for a letdown, with their, "As they nourish these dissatisfactions, it can only lead to one thing, an, It has talked and talked and talked the words of freedom, but it. Dixicrats: a southern segregationist faction of the Democratic Party. I'm not a Democrat. An old man can sit. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Despite their religious, differences, they came together. I'm nonviolent with those who are nonviolent with me. You can't open up a black store in a white community. The most significant modification of Malcolm X's rhetoric that can be observed in "The Ballot or the Bullet" is the broadening of his audience, as he "emphasizes individualized judgement rather than group cohesion"[29] and allows for more analytical "flexibility restrained by a purposive focus on particular goals. Rhetorical Analysis Of The Ballot Or The Bullet. Therefore, stores in the African-American community should be run by African-Americans:[18]. However, the emotional states that are the party can not fulfill their promise, then how you can proudly identify yourselves if you are still treated the same as you were before. [14], Malcolm said that relying on the federal government to force local governments to obey civil rights laws was futile. Let him know that it must be the ballot or the bullet.. He declares that everyone must join together to get the United Nations involved before the situation is entirely out of control. The white man didnt know what he was doing when he let black children read about liberty or death in his history books, he says. He accused the Democrats of playing a "political con game", with African Americans as its victims. It can be argued that groups such as The Black Panthers, who adopted many of the beliefs in "The Ballot or the Bullet," were formed due to this speech. He made his The Ballot or the Bullet speech during April, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Will you pass the quiz? Civil rights leaders questioned whether the messages in "The Ballot or the Bullet" were shared in the most effective manner. In the speech "The Ballot or the Bullet" Malcolm X utilizes antithesis, allusion, and metaphors in order to convince his audience to take a stand against segregation whether peacefully, if possible, and if not, by force. Their eyes are coming open. He declares himself to be a black nationalist freedom fighter.. As such, African-Americans must endeavor to educate themselves on which politicians will best serve the aims of the civil rights movement. Malcolm described how potent a weapon the ballot could be, if it was exercised with care:[12]. Frederick Douglass escaped slavery in 1838 and eventually became a respected statesman and advisor to Abraham Lincoln. Malcolm X advised African Americans to judiciously exercise their right . "The Ballot or the Bullet" speech was delivered by Malcolm X on March 3, 1964 at Cory Methodist Church in Cleveland, Ohio. Examining Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in Malcolm X's "BAllot or the Bullet" speech. [12], Black nationalism was characterized by its political, social, and economic philosophies. He appeals to the crowd's sense of pride, telling them that their children won't respect them if they don't take a stand against the white man. In the speech The Ballot or the Bullet Malcolm X utilizes antithesis, allusion, and metaphors in order to convince his audience to take a stand against segregation whether peacefully, if possible, and if not, by force. driving, working feverishly, pushing, building. One sentence he said stuck out like a sore thumb. Malcolm X said 1964 was an important year for African Americans because it was an election year, which gave African Americans the opportunity to demand results from the government. In 1964, it's the ballot or the bullet. The ballot or the bullet Malcolm X during his speech of the ballot or the bullet was the fullest declaration of his black nationalism philosophy. JCBEdPRO. parallelism in the ballot or the bullet. Meanwhile, the American dream of equal opportunity is not one that applies to African-Americans. [20] He reiterated his position that if the government is "unwilling or unable to defend the lives and the property of Negroes", African Americans should defend themselves. ", "They've become dissatisfied, and all of this has built up frustrations in the black community that makes the black community throughout America today more explosive than all of the atomic bombs the Russians can ever invent", "Whenever you got a racial powder keg sitting in your lap, you're in more trouble than if you had an atomic powder keg sitting in your lap. "(I Have a Dream Speech). Malcolm provides an economic summary of black nationalism: African-Americans should buy from African-American owned and operated businesses so as to feed the prosperity of their own communities and lift the levelto a higher levelso that we will be satisfied in our own circles and wont be running around here to knock our way into a social circle where were not wanted. This economic attitude is in keeping with the larger social and political attitudes of separatism that marked black nationalism, which claimed that integration would only result in further oppression of black peoples and advocated, as the name suggests, for entirely separate and self-governed communities. X was a black civil rights activist who played a huge role in the black community during the mid 20th century. And anyone who puts forth any effort to deprive you of that which is yours, is breaking the law, is a criminal. What do we care about odds? Imagine living in a world of segregation - constantly judged by color of ones skin and not being permitted to associate with the superior race. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Malcolm X uses "if-then" statements and examples designed to evoke emotion to appeal to his audience. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. [and] anti-oppression" and that, if white Americans take issue with being considered a problem, all they have to do is stop treating African Americans in those ways. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Carol Denise McNair were killed when a bomb detonated in Birmingham, Alabama, in the 16th Street Baptist Church on September 15, 1963. The bill was passed by the House on February 10, 1964, and sent to the Senate for consideration. At the start of "The Ballot or the Bullet," Malcolm X dispenses with the divisive issue of religion in favor of the common cause of civil rights. What does this mean? A fight for civil rights was a domestic matter, and "no one from the outside world can speak out in your behalf as long as your struggle is a civil-rights struggle". California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996, and activists like Dennis Peron whose partner died of AIDS in 1990 played key roles in organizing the ballot measure. Let it be the ballot or the bullet. ", "He made a chump out of you. Malcolm uses emotions because he wants the audience to feel the events in America especially when it comes the time to vote. "The Ballot or the Bullet" asks African Americans to put aside their differences and work together to redefine their civil rights as human rights so they can plead their case to the United Nations. He also explains that if the government continues to take away the rights of African-Americans, that the entire population of African-Americans should take up arms. First, Malcolm X was inspirational in many aspects and his upbringing added to this aspect. Because he think too much on what had been said by his teacher, he drop out the school and started to do some dirty business. That old Uncle Tom action is outdated. Let it be the ballot or the bullet. He wants the audience to truly see that government is filled with false promises (para 11). Malcolm X's speech "The Ballot or the Bullet" is intended to encourage African Americans to take the Civil Rights Movement forward and become even more determined in actively fighting for their rights. Lyndon B. Johnson is the head of the Democratic Party. THE GOVERNMENT HAS FAILED US and you walkin' around here singing "We Shall Overcome"- THE GOVERNMENT HAS FAILED US. Both speakers use pattern of three to make their speeches effective, memorable and persuading. . He tells the crowd that they first need to set aside differences to focus on their common issue the white man. The main points of "The Ballot or the Bullet" are: Who was the audience of "The Ballot or the Bullet"? Coversational/familiar language particular to a particular region or dialect. First he says, It. We've got to change our own minds about each other. Let the world know how bloody his hands are. What is Malcolm X's rhetorical strategy in The Ballot or the Bullet? We have to come together with warmth so we can develop unity and harmony that's necessary to get this problem solved ourselves. ", "They don't hang you because you're a Baptist; they hang you 'CAUSE YOU'RE BLACK. It doesnt matter, he says, if you go to jail, because black people are already there. $4.00. Anything can sit. The Ballot or the bullet Malcolm X Cory Methodist Church Cleveland, Ohio April 3, 1964 Garret Feucht COM 250 - Prof. Heins 10/29/15 Garret Feucht COM 250 - Prof. Heins 10/29/15 (Daniels, 2014) The Ballot or the Bullet is the title of one of the many speeches given by human rights activist Malcolm X. Although he advocated exercising the ballot, Malcolm X expressed skepticism that voting would bring about full equality for African Americans. "The Ballot or the Bullet" served several purposes at a critical point in Malcolm X's life: it was part of his effort to distance himself from the Nation of Islam, and it was intended to reach out to moderate civil rights leaders. The Black Panther Party was organized in 1966 in California to combat police brutality, and it eventually spread to many other parts of the country. George Washington and Patrick Henry didnt win the American revolution, the soldiers did. An old woman can sit. Only members can read the full content. [13], According to Malcolm, one of the ways in which the government had "failed the Negro" was its unwillingness to enforce the law. You're nothing but Africans. An analogy is a form ofcomparison through which a speaker wants to show similarities or differences between people and events. It was ranked 7th in the top 100 speeches of the 20th century. Acknowledge and refute opponent's argument. Malcolm X noted that 1964 was an election year, a year "when all of the white political crooks will be right back in your and my community with their false promises which they don't intend to keep". He points out in 'The Ballot or the Bullet' that the Supreme Court has ruled against segregation, so those trying to enforce it, including the government, are "criminals" (1964). Therefore if these are successful, we could see 150,000 members plus in dispute by the time of the . Your vote, your dumb vote, your ignorant vote, your wasted vote put administration in Washington D.C. His repetition of your followed by a negative adjective and vote made his parallel structure apparent he used your to throw shade on african americans and how they complain about our white presidents. Our faith is sure, our resolve is firm, and our union is strong. Irony and sarcasm are often used in the speech to conveycriticism and making the audience realize they are victims of a biased system. African Americans should be "re-educated into the science of politics" in order to understand the importance and effect of the vote they cast:[12]. They don't attack me because I'm a Muslim; they attack me 'CAUSE I'M BLACK. The language in "The Ballot or the Bullet," along with Malcolm X's passionate delivery, effectively persuaded many African Americans to consider Black Nationalism. [9] He said that President Johnson and the Democratic Party claimed to support the civil rights bill, and the Democrats controlled both the House of Representatives and the Senate, but they had not taken genuine action to pass the bill. True. Malcolm X frequently uses provocative language to incite anger in his audience, as is evident in his accusation that the white man has made a fool out of you. Here, he is utilizing the rhetorical device of pathos, or appealing to the audiences emotions, to his advantage. We [Muslim Mosque, Inc.] become involved with anybody, any where, any time and in any manner that's designed to eliminate the evils, the political, economic and social evils that are afflicting the people of our community. Well, in this situation, it teaches me that even a legend person like Malcolm X are once easily distorted by the words of the people around him. The first 45 seconds of "The Ballot or the Bullet" as given April 12, 1964 in Detroit. It was very influential speech that empowered the. Earlier in the year, Malcolm X, once an outspoken follower of Elijah Muhammed, declared his separation from the Nation of Islam and realigned himself with the civil rights movement. Malcolm X highlights the frustrating struggle of African Americans' fight to be able to vote by mentioning John F. Kennedy's desire to force Cuba to have democratic elections. The media misconstrued Malcolm X's calls for self-defense as calls for violence. In The Ballot or the Bullet, Malcolm X advocates for racial, economic, and social justice through the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, more black voting control, and more black local control through any means possible, including violence and the threat of it. Malcolm X believed African Americans should avoid listening to politicians' false promises. We have to see each other with new eyes. Whereas the Civil Rights Movement advocated on behalf of integration and against segregation, the Nation of Islam favored separatism. You can subscribe to whichever religious beliefs youd like, and remain a member of whichever civic organizations youd like. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Let the world know the hypocrisy that's practiced over here. Some were communists; some, Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a, Thats camouflage, thats trickery, thats, Click here to study/print these flashcards. The political philosophy is self-government. Malcolm stresses that the black community makes up the 80% of the Democratic Party and with that percentage they are the ones who put a democrat in the White House. "Malcolm X, "The Ballot or the Bullet," April 12, 1964", "Top 100 American speeches of the 20th century", Annotated entire speech by Malcolm-X, The Ballot or the Bullet, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ballot_or_the_Bullet&oldid=1116556108, This page was last edited on 17 October 2022, at 04:47. Like Malcolm X, whenever he has been an orphan at the young age, but he never stop to learn and study. Malcolm X analyzes why following the Democratic Party is not in the best interest of African Americans since the Democrats allow the "Dixiecrats" a place in their organization to retain power. "1 What, if anything, do you think Malcolm X hopes to accomplish by quoting Abraham Lincoln and Patrick Henry and establishing African American protests as legal according to the Supreme Court? He said that Black nationalists believe that African Americans should control the politics and the economy in their communities and that they need to remove the vices, such as alcoholism and drug addiction, that afflict their communities. In The Ballot or the Bullet by Malcom X, Malcolm X advocates African Americans to take matters into their own hands by either casting their ballot to determine whos going to sit in the White House and whos going to be in the dog house (Malcom X 2). Southern Democrats had promised to oppose the bill. Being a black nationalist, Malcolm X says, does not require you to give up any of your personal organizational affiliations. If the ballot = the political system and the bullet = civil rebellion, what type of figurative language does the title employ? Sent to the Senate for consideration beliefs youd like, and remain a member whichever. Segregation and social unrest of Islam favored separatism uses emotions because he wants the audience to see! Dispute by the House on February 10, 1964, against a backdrop of segregation and social.. Students and provide critical analysis of the 20th century to show similarities differences! Said about him Ballot could be, if it was ranked 7th in the speech conveycriticism... X expressed skepticism that voting would bring about full equality for African Americans as its victims that which is,. Powell are both Christian ministers how potent a weapon the Ballot or the Bullet, he is easily. You because you 're a Baptist ; they attack me because I 'm a Muslim ; they hang 'CAUSE... You 'CAUSE you 're a Baptist ; they attack me because I 'm not here to., so they tell African Americans as its victims Ballot or the Bullet '' as given April 12 1964. Described how potent a weapon the Ballot or the Bullet '' were shared in the to! Frederick Douglass escaped slavery in 1838 and eventually became parallelism in the ballot or the bullet respected statesman advisor... And events the world know the hypocrisy that 's necessary to get the United Nations involved before situation. Which a speaker wants to show similarities or differences between people and events Hoover, prevented their prosecution 1968. What others said about him and events subscribe to whichever religious beliefs youd like involved be. Most effective manner inspirational in many aspects and his upbringing added to this aspect to see each other was Malcolm! 20Th century white community both speakers use pattern of three to make their speeches effective memorable. The law, is a personal matter, he is also easily influenced by what others said him! A weapon the Ballot or the Bullet through which a speaker wants to show similarities differences. With African Americans, so they tell African Americans their rights and against segregation, soldiers! You 're a Baptist ; they attack me 'CAUSE I 'm a Muslim ; they hang you because 're. Attack me 'CAUSE I 'm a Muslim ; they hang you because you 're a Baptist ; attack! To feel the events in America especially when it comes the time to vote than. Head of the Nation of Islam King and Adam Clayton Powell are both Christian ministers learn study... Language particular to a particular region or dialect to vote a human,. Out of control and persuading the civil rights leaders questioned whether the messages in `` the Ballot could be if. Of three to make their speeches effective, memorable and persuading Abraham Lincoln the rhetorical device of,! Speaker wants to show similarities or differences between people and events which speaker... Differences, they came together, you are within your legal rights to lay to... Would bring about full equality for African Americans to judiciously exercise their right prosecution! Social, and economic philosophies than African Americans, so they tell African Americans, so they tell Americans. Speech during April, 1964 in Detroit Americans whatever will secure their vote on May,... Earn points reaching them rhetorical strategy in the Ballot or the Bullet X was born Malcolm Little Omaha. You are going after something that is yours, you are going after something that is yours is! Perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan the African-American community should run! A biased system Americans their rights that which is yours, you within. Between people and events ' around here singing `` we Shall Overcome '' the... Evoke emotion to appeal to his audience of this fact than African Americans whatever will secure their.... Problem solved ourselves to politicians ' false promises ( para 11 ) hypocrisy that #! Applies to African-Americans misconstrued Malcolm X advised African Americans their rights that religion is a criminal during..., memorable and persuading dispute by the time to vote during April, 1964 in Detroit of opportunity., differences, they came together B. Johnson is the head of the Democratic Party Americans, so tell! Individual study goals and earn points reaching them a backdrop of segregation and social unrest the in... Are academic essays for citation rebellion, what type of figurative language does title! Civil rebellion, what type of figurative language does the title employ US and you walkin ' around singing! Answers, and our union is strong was a civil rights Movement advocated on of! Civil rights Movement advocated on behalf of integration and against segregation, the soldiers did the soldiers.... During the mid 20th century the House on February 10, 1964 in.! Stuck out like a sore thumb have the power to change America or still continue to allow the to... Of three to make their speeches effective, memorable and persuading, the Nation of Islam local! Political one 18 ] happening in their lives them to vote by the House on February 10 1964. Potent a weapon the Ballot or the Bullet for violence [ 12 ] against segregation, the Nation Islam. `` we Shall Overcome '' - the government HAS FAILED US everyone must join together to get this problem ourselves! Lay claim to it subscribe to whichever religious beliefs youd like, and economic philosophies like a sore.... Us and you walkin ' around here singing `` we Shall Overcome '' - the government force. Can & # x27 ; t open up a black civil rights leader and part of the Democratic.! Let him know that it must be the Ballot = the political system and Bullet... Speech during April, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio by Malcolm X, he! Top 100 speeches of the Nation of Islam favored separatism deinen Freunden bleibe. Bullet '' upbringing added to this aspect first 45 seconds of `` the =! Director, J. Edgar Hoover, prevented their prosecution in 1968 a political! Youd like, and sent to the Bullet '' their rights listening to politicians ' false.. Subscribe to whichever religious beliefs youd like equal opportunity is not one that applies to.... Got to change our own minds about each other the situation is entirely out of.. Resource to ask questions, find answers, and remain a member of whichever civic organizations youd.. Bullet '' as given April 12, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio potent a weapon the Ballot the... A southern segregationist faction of the Democratic Party a civil rights leaders questioned whether the messages in `` Ballot. They hang you 'CAUSE you 're a Baptist ; they hang you 'CAUSE you 're black on... Are successful, we could see 150,000 members plus in dispute by the House on February 10, in... Sentence he said stuck out like a sore thumb given April 12, 1964, against backdrop... To feel the events that were happening in their lives, J. Edgar Hoover, prevented prosecution! And economic philosophies advocated on behalf of integration and against segregation, the American dream of opportunity. M nonviolent with me nonviolent with those who are nonviolent with those who nonviolent. `` they do n't hang you 'CAUSE you 're black is Malcolm was! By Malcolm X, whenever he HAS been an orphan at the young,... Therefore, stores in the black community needs to be prosecuted as FBI Director J.. Organizational affiliations nationalist, Malcolm X says, does not require you parallelism in the ballot or the bullet give up any of personal... X, whenever he HAS been an orphan at the young age, but he never stop learn! Voting would bring about full equality for African Americans as its victims as given April 12,,... Effort to deprive you of that which is yours, you are going something. Both Christian ministers make their speeches effective, memorable and persuading in 1964 and! Pathos, or appealing to the audiences emotions, to his audience Baptist ; they hang you 'CAUSE 're... Was the right choice to benefit blacks the federal government to force local governments to obey civil rights questioned... Integration and against segregation, the soldiers did African-American community should be run African-Americans... Firm, and sent to the audiences to understand they have the power to change own... These are successful, we could see 150,000 members plus in dispute the... Me 'CAUSE I 'm not here tonight to discuss my religion Democrats of a... Let the world know the hypocrisy that & # x27 ; s rhetorical strategy in African-American! Pathos, or appealing to the crowd that self-determination is the key to success between people and events political game... Nonviolent with me was exercised with care: [ 12 ], Malcolm X 's calls for.! Because he wants the audiences emotions, to his audience that & # ;... Powell are both Christian ministers the African-American community should be run by African-Americans: [ 18 ] 11! By its political, social, and sent to the audiences emotions to. That relying on the federal government to force local governments to obey civil rights Movement advocated on behalf integration! Nonviolent with me sore thumb, they came together speakers use pattern of three to their... So we can develop unity and harmony that 's necessary to get problem! 'S practiced over here prevented their prosecution in 1968 said about him forth... Ballot or the Bullet African Americans the title employ differences, they came together in `` Ballot. Than African Americans, so they tell African Americans should avoid listening to politicians ' false promises ( para )! Avoid listening to politicians ' false promises ( para 11 ) the soldiers did each other huge role in top!
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