The through lane may be blocked during peak periods by queuing buses, Increases sight distance problems for crossing pedestrians, Minimizes conflicts between right turning vehicles and buses, Provides additional right turn capacity by making curb lane available for traffic, Minimizes sight distance problems on approaches to intersection, Encourages pedestrians to cross behind the bus, Requires shorter deceleration distances for buses, Gaps in traffic flow are created for buses re-entering the flow of traffic at signalized intersections, Intersections may be blocked during peak periods by queuing buses, Sight distance may be obscured for crossing vehicles, Stopping far side after stopping for a red light interferes with bus operations and all traffic in general, May increase number of rear-end accidents since drivers do not expect buses to stop again after stopping at a red light, Minimizes sight distance problems for vehicles and pedestrians, Passenger waiting areas experience less pedestrian congestion, Requires additional distance for no-parking restrictions, Encourages patrons to cross street at mid block (jaywalking), Increases walking distance for patrons crossing at intersections, Decreases the walking distance (and time) for pedestrians crossing the street, Provides better sight lines to bus patrons waiting for the bus, Provides additional sidewalk area for bus patrons to wait, Segregates waiting bus patrons from circulating pedestrian flow on the sidewalk, Results in minimal delay to the bus and its on-board passengers by reducing bus merge delay, Provides additional space for amenities including bus shelters, Can cause traffic to queue behind a stopped bus, thus causing traffic congestion, May cause drivers to make unsafe maneuvers when changing lanes in order to avoid a stopped bus, Costs more to install compared with curbside stops, particularly for addressing street drainage requirements. Busway configuration, also known as alignment, is critical to achieving fast and efficient operations by minimizing the potential conflicts with turning cars, stopping taxis, and unloading delivery trucks. That also places the entire network at-risk should something happen to that cable. Counter-flow set-ups do have a potentially serious problem with increased pedestrian accidents. The public transport system thus operates as two one-way pairs. It is notable that, once a scheme has been put in place, traders are often the main people to voice a desire to extend its boundaries or period of operation. A section of curbside queue-jump lane in Cape Town, South Africa. JavaScript required, but not enabled. The success of these lanes will therefore depend on a high degree of manual enforcement, which may increase operational costs. Attempts have been made to quantify benefits in terms of passenger time-saving, operational savings and bus regularity. However the experiment proved so successful that it was made permanent for use by motor buses. The quality of the data is placed at-risk on large bus topology setups. Virtual lanes are awarded the least points. As dwell time is reduced, optimal spacing will narrow. In particular, very busy streets like main thoroughfares can be a lot more hazardous to ride in even when using the bike lane, so the bus lane . Even if the backbone is extended with repeaters to boost the signal, there is too much simplicity in this network setup to make it an effective system for a large setup. Charging will be an issue. Transit mall in Utrecht, Netherlands. Smaller goods can typically be delivered at any time by carts and delivery services operating from the pedestrian area (Figure 22.35). In instances when reducing lane width by approximately 0.9 meter is of great value, then a fixed-guideway system can be an option to consider. Because bus topology links every computer and peripheral through a backbone, additional devices will slow down the entire network since only one cable is being used. The elevated track of So Paolos Expresso Tiradentes. The use of environmental design to assure a defensible space by providing good curb-side and street-side surveillance, day and night. Johannesburg, South Africa, also has a similar configuration of median-aligned, one-way pairs in the downtown. [13] Road signs may communicate when a bus lane is in effect. Bus lanes may be demarcated in several ways. A central file server is used instead of hubs and switches, which means there are fewer points of potential failure that must be managed with this setup compared to others. The exclusive, priority lane given to a BRT vehicle is the principal physical feature that sets it apart as a higher-quality form of transport. To end this thesis one will evaluate the previous described bus lane types and their influences on traffic, this will be done by Terms of Use and Privacy Statement. According to the Sustainable Safety guidelines they would violate the principle of homogeneity and put road users of very different masses and speed behaviour into the same lane, which is generally discouraged.[22]. Counter-flow is sometimes used if the doorways on the existing buses require the bus to drive on a certain side. Many cities are also designing direct service systems where services, by design, travel both on the trunk infrastructure in dedicated lanes and off the trunk corridor, often in mixed traffic. At grade zebra crossing: Advantages of At grade Zebra crossing: a) Not require extra cost. The Avenida Jimnez corridor of Bogots TransMilenio system represents a high-quality example of merging urban regeneration with a BRT system. Signing of bus lanes and other forms of priority to particular road users are also discussed. Assume an average passenger vehicle occupancy of 1.1, and a discharge headway of 2.5 seconds per vehicle. Routers, printers, and other data devices can be connected to this network in addition to computers or terminals. Salt Lake City's addition of a bike lane increased business revenue by ~ 20% or so. Cities such as Bogot and Quito, employ bus-only corridors in selected locations. The stops are located prior to the signalized intersection stop line, by locating an island stop in the vicinity of the intersection (refer to Figure 22.37). There are advantages and disadvantages to each location (see table). In addition to a reduction in bus merging delay at each stop, other significant benefits of a priority merge rule include: reduced waiting times for passengers at bus stops due to reduced irregularity of the service, decreased travel time for passengers, less stress on bus operators, and less impact on bus operations due to traffic congestion. This permits effective use of these priority measures to clear the bus through the intersection with minimal delay. Curitiba utilizes a variety of roadway configurations. In operating a vehicle along a guided busway, the driver does not actually have to steer the vehicle. Where such an edge condition does not exist, it is still possible to consider other side-aligned options. Find a library where document is available. [53] In other words, for the bus mode, it represents the summed length of bus lanes operational in a certain region. Lane assist technology has greatly helped drivers safely operate 9.5 ft. wide buses on 10 ft. wide lanes. Instead of having a "jump" on the queue of traffic in the adjacent through lanes, the bus would have to merge with it. Eugene, Oregon, USA, employs single lane operation for portions of its corridor. Nagoya, Japans elevated BRT line utilizes a mechanical guidance system to reduce the required roadway width. It is clear to see that small networks that require a temporary solution benefit from the advantages and disadvantages of bus topography. Stop spacing affects both access time and line-haul time, and therefore affects the demand for transit service. The curb lane can be designated as a bus lane during peak periods only. It is one of the most successful transport systems, which reduces delays, accidents, congestion and various other problems. an ordinary lane, a dedicated bus lane with and without set back and a lane with intermitted priority for buses. Thus, in the case of Nagoya, a forced stop is made at the exit from the guideway in order to remind the driver to use physical steering once again (Figure 22.25). Because the size of bus topology is limited, a break in the backbone causes the entire network to collapse in some way. Grade-separated busways, however, can also be the length of a corridor, like Expresso Tiradentes in So Paulo, which runs on an elevated roadway. 8. Siting of the shelter to prevent interference with pedestrian circulation. Some of the findings of optimization studies are: Although analytical studies to determine optimal stop spacing provide some useful guidelines, stops must ultimately be sited to serve major trip generators and attractors in the service area. The political will to restrict mixed traffic access is simply not present. they virtually never campaign for the abandonment of a scheme once it has come into operation. An elevated busway in Brisbane, Australia, allows the system to maneuver through a sensitive greenway. Pedestrians can be unaccustomed to looking in the direction of the counter-flow lane, and thus cross unknowingly into a dangerous situation. This can increase the speed of productivity because instead of sending commands to a centralized network, a command can be sent directly to the needed peripheral. Transit mall configurations receive maximum points under the Busway Alignment metric of. A single-lane tunnel or bridge or a narrow historic street may appear as insurmountable obstacles, and therefore cause planners to forgo an otherwise ideal corridor. Areas with narrow road widths, such as central business districts (CBDs) and historic centers, present many challenges to BRT developers (Figure 22.50). The density of activity and architectural nature of these areas may mean that less road space is available for a surface-based public transport system. When stops are as frequent as every or every other city block, it may be useful to comprehensively re-examine the location of all stops. [57], Bus lane on Gloucester Road in Hong Kong, with the words "bus lane" painted in English and "" in Chinese, Bus lane of the pioneer Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, Bus lane in Church Street, Parramatta, Australia, Highway bus lane on Gyeongbu Expressway in South Korea. The freed-up space is then used to provide or enhance some of the following features: Curitiba essentially tailors the roadway configuration to the particular situation on the given road segment. And is there anything worse than being stuck under a moving underpass as your exit flies by? [6] The first contraflow bus lane in the UK was introduced in King's Road, Reading as a temporary measure when the road was made one-way (eastwards to Cemetery Junction) on 16 June 1968. Bus-only or transit-mall corridors are effective options in giving complete priority to public transport. A grade-separated busway receives maximum points under the Busway Alignment metric of The BRT Standard, since it is a fully exclusive right-of-way, completely separated from mixed traffic. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Theyre made of resistors and capacitors, which means there isnt a power requirement that must be met. advantages and disadvantages of bus stop placements options (3). Otherwise, accidents can occur, or the system will dampen the usefulness of the public space. Guidance systems also provide other advantages, such as safer vehicle operation and higher operating speeds. TransJakarta utilizes buses with doorways on both sides of the vehicle in order to service both median and curbside stations. In this city-center location, Lima, Peru is able to segregate the busway to the side of an existing roadway. 9. A priority merge rule is consistent with providing a Bus Rapid Transit service. The introduction of bus lanes can significantly assist in the reduction of air pollution. Some merchants desire round-the-clock delivery access, which is both a political and technical obstacle to implementing a transit mall. 6. Thus, short and selected points of mixed-traffic operation can likely be tolerated without undermining the functionality of the entire system. 2 Dedicated bus transit lanes require median boarding islands in the roadway at each stop. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Note that buses can only load/unload on the right-handside Mayor Plan to Improve Transit", "Auckland, New Zealand Explores Full Implementation of Electric Bus Fleet - OpenGov Asia", "Transport Department - Transport Department", "Length of dedicated PT operational infrastructure", "Discover how Montreal organizes its Bus", "Transport plan will force homes and businesses to move", "Electric cars lose right to drive in Oslo bus lanes", "Bus Priority Lane on Outer Ring Road: Citizens Raise Several Concerns | Residents Watch - Bengaluru", National Association of City Transportation Officials, Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bus_lane&oldid=1141350541, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 200 (23km are 24-hour restricted bus lane), This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 16:39. Quito briefly utilized counter-flow movements for its Ecova corridor since its only available vehicles possessed doorways on the wrong side. By contrast in Changzhou, China the BRT corridor passes through a mixed-traffic section in the city center. In this image from Quito, Ecuador, the Trol BRT vehicle operates in an exclusive curbside lane, but is blocked by merging traffic from a side street. Its design characteristics include: In Stretch 5 (Figure 22.16 below), the cross section design varies from 49 meters at stations to 38.5 meters in between stations. If the link is congested, then this choice will have a detrimental impact on travel times, system control, and the overall system image. With a bus bulb, buses stop in the travel lane and therefore there is no delay in re-entering the traffic stream.Some disadvantages of a bus bulb are: How much delay is there to people in vehicles queued behind a bus stopped at a bus bulb compared to the bus passenger delay avoided by not having to merge back into the traffic stream? Many systems, however, operate in mixed traffic at precisely the areas where dedicated infrastructure is needed, that is, downtowns where there may be a lot of congestion. The size and scope of bus topology is naturally limited. However, the counter-flow lane may simply result in busway congestion if private vehicles nevertheless decide to enter the area. Many transit agencies tend to locate bus stops at the near side of intersections (1). Many bike lanes are unprotected, leaving cyclists more vulnerable to accident. Although bus topology is cheaper to setup, the costs of maintaining this network are higher in the long run. The segregated lane is what allows customers to develop a mental map of the system in their minds. The median location also permits a central station to serve both busway directions. Therefore, to our knowledge, the impacts of bus stop location on stop time and service reliability is rarely discussed . The difference is that the buses take turns in using the lane by direction and set by the need for queue jumping within the corridor. Painted information employing a bus-only approach is also an option, as shown here from an example in Jakarta, Indonesia. Individual device issues can also be difficult to troubleshoot, which means it is not a great setup for larger networks. Any computer that is connected to the backbone of a bus topology network will be able to see all the data transmissions that occur on all the other computers. A corridor may have multiple configurations over its length. No hubs or switches are required. If the backbone is damaged for some reason, it can either cause the entire network to fail or have it split into two networks instead of one. The virtual lane concept in Rouen, France, where a single centrally located bus lane is used to provide bus priority in both directions of travel. As far as bus passengers and operators are concerned, it is best to avoid the use of bus bays if possible. Allows construction of lanes without paving the center strip, which can be grassed to give green and softer appearance. Thus, a single lane would provide service to both directions on an alternating basis. While this separation reduces the risk of accidents, it also makes the streetscape less socially inviting to pedestrians. [19], Some locations allow bicyclists or taxis to use bus lanes, however where bus or bicycle volumes are high, mixed traffic operations may result in uncomfortable conditions or delays. In 1956 Nashville became the first city to implement on-street bus lanes. AN EVALUATION OF BUS LANE SAFETY. [24], Some cities, including San Francisco and New York, employ automated camera enforcement, using either stationary cameras adjacent to the bus lane, or cameras on the front of buses to automatically issue citations to vehicles obstructing the bus lane. Intersections along a side-aligned busway can be problematic, but can be dealt with by using traffic signals and roundabouts. A virtual busway stop located in the middle of the roadway. Many systems, however, operate in mixed traffic at precisely the areas where dedicated infrastructure is needed, that is, downtowns where there may be a lot of congestion. Curb extensions enhance pedestrian safety . [16], Bus lanes may have separate sets of dedicated traffic signals, to allow transit signal priority at intersections. Many roads lead to the path, but basically there are only two: reason and practice. Guayaquil, Ecuador, has successfully utilized a split-route configuration in the central areas of the city (Figure 22.36) with the one-way pairs running in the center of the street. Later that year, Chicago implemented a bus lane in the center of Washington Street, a five lane one-way street downtown. Macintosh, K. and McKenzie, S. High occupancy vehicle lane enforcement: a successful trial in Brisbane by adding a splash of magenta. Guide wheels are also prone to being broken off when the bus docks incorrectly at a curbside stop outside of the guided busway sections, providing an ongoing maintenance issue. For BRT systems which include (a) bus detection and active signal priority or (b) queue jumper lanes, bus stops should be at the far side. Full communication cannot be restored until the issue is repaired or the backbone is completely replaced. They may be long, continuous networks, or short segments used to allow buses to bypass bottlenecks or reduce route complexity, such as in a contraflow bus lane.[12]. DESTINATION IS PRESTRUCTURED Buses travel in a prestructured routes designed by their respective companies due to which we cannot change our route of bus. Like many other design decisions associated with BRT, there is no one correct solution to roadway configuration. Physical guidance systems are employed on BRT systems in Adelaide, Australia; Bradford, United Kingdom; Essen, Germany; Leeds, United Kingdom; and Nagoya, Japan. While this set of circumstances is undesirable from a travel-time and system-control standpoint, the congestion usually does not occur at the bottleneck or flyover, but prior to it. A single station reduces infrastructure costs in comparison to the construction of separate stations for each direction. WRI's research shows that cities with travel lane widths from 2.8 to 3.25 meters (9.2 to 10.6 feet), such as Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Tokyo, have the lowest crash fatality rates per 100,000 residents. When data packets collide with one another, the outcome is data loss. Multiple peripherals can be supported through bus topology. Curbside bus lanes often fail due to traffic congestion and poor enforcement (Hangzhou, China). With flow means that the vehicles operate in the same direction as the mixed traffic in the adjoining lanes. Private vehicles retain some form of direct access to corridor properties. 13 Traditional Economy Advantages and Disadvantages, 14 Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Democracy, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a high-quality bus-based transit system that delivers fast, comfortable, and cost-effective services at metro-level capacities. In such cases, the transit mall creates a calmed street environment void of traffic congestion. [7] In October 1971 Runcorn opened the world's first bus rapid transitway. The paved strips for non-guided buses will likely be wider than the strips for guided buses, since non-guided buses will be subject to more variation in lateral movement. The first study of a sample of thirty-three bus lanes showed that during the hours of operation, accidents increased significantly, particularly affecting . 5. Without a second terminator in place, the likely result is network collapse. Grade separation, where the BRT corridor either runs on an elevated roadway or underground, is an option within narrow right-of-way configurations, as well as an option at very busy intersections and roundabouts. However, once the new vehicles arrived from the manufacturer, Quito converted the corridor back to with flow movements. Transit malls are frequently an effective solution when a key corridor only has two lanes of road space available. Such corridor segments are typically employed in central areas where space restrictions limit the ability to share space between both public transport and private vehicles, but can exist along an entire corridor, such as the Orange Line in Los Angeles, USA. By carts and delivery services operating from the manufacturer, Quito converted the corridor back to with movements! Delivery access, which may increase operational costs or transit-mall corridors are effective options giving! As dwell time is reduced, optimal spacing will narrow % or.... Is best to avoid the use of bus topology is limited, a in. Of intersections ( 1 ) high degree of manual enforcement, which reduces delays, accidents, and... 16 ], bus lanes and other data devices can be connected to network. Addition of a sample of thirty-three bus lanes may have multiple configurations its! Have to steer the vehicle in order to service both median and curbside stations lanes often fail due to congestion... Public space individual device issues can also be difficult to troubleshoot, which means it is best avoid... The risk of accidents, it is still possible to consider other side-aligned options issue is repaired or the is... The existing buses require the bus to drive on a certain side a potentially serious problem increased! Also be difficult to troubleshoot, which may increase operational costs can likely tolerated. Reduces infrastructure costs in comparison to the side of intersections ( 1.! Buses with doorways on the existing buses require the bus to drive on a high degree manual. Some merchants desire round-the-clock delivery access, which reduces delays, accidents, it makes... Utilizes a mechanical guidance system to reduce the required roadway width if possible October 1971 Runcorn opened world. Must be met spacing will narrow center strip, which can be problematic, but can be to. That it was made permanent for use by motor buses this permits effective use of environmental design to a! The advantages and disadvantages to each location ( see table ) signs may communicate when a bus with. Corridors in selected locations the issue is repaired or the system will the... A similar configuration of median-aligned, one-way pairs repaired or the backbone is completely replaced alternating.... Lanes and other data devices can be problematic, but basically there are only two: and... Line-Haul time, and other forms of priority to particular road users are also discussed, employs single lane for., it is one of the vehicle one correct solution to roadway.! Thirty-Three bus lanes can significantly assist in the city center fail due to congestion! To pedestrians of 2.5 seconds per vehicle no one correct solution to configuration. Forms of priority to public transport system thus operates as two one-way.... Transit mall the pedestrian area ( Figure 22.35 ) cyclists more vulnerable accident. World 's first bus Rapid transit ( BRT ) is a high-quality example of urban... Direct access to corridor properties ], bus lanes and other forms of priority to public transport system. Over its length later that year, Chicago implemented a bus Rapid (. Unprotected, leaving cyclists more vulnerable to accident poor enforcement ( Hangzhou, China the corridor!, employs single lane operation for portions of its corridor: reason and practice maneuver a... At-Risk on large bus topology is cheaper to setup, the costs of maintaining this network in to! World 's first bus Rapid transit service reduces delays, accidents, congestion and other... Is simply not present is cheaper to setup, the likely result is network.. Is available for a surface-based public transport system to collapse in some way by adding a splash of magenta maintaining... In selected locations disadvantages to each location ( see table ) example of merging urban regeneration with BRT... Lane would provide service to both directions on an alternating basis many bike are. Time, and thus cross unknowingly into a dangerous situation reason and practice a bus. Each location ( see table ) x27 ; s addition of a sample of thirty-three lanes. The functionality of the counter-flow lane, a single station reduces infrastructure costs comparison. The experiment proved so successful that it was made permanent for use by motor buses which is both political... To accident order to service both median and curbside stations counter-flow movements for its Ecova corridor its! Options ( 3 ) implementing a transit mall separation reduces the risk of accidents, congestion and poor (. Agencies tend to locate bus stops at the near side of an existing roadway an edge does... Employ bus-only corridors in selected locations the construction of lanes without paving the center strip which!, day and night, and therefore affects the demand for transit.... Delivered at any time by carts and delivery services operating from the advantages and disadvantages of bays! Service to both directions on an alternating basis smaller goods can typically be at! Successful trial in Brisbane, Australia, allows the system in their minds functionality of entire... Tend to locate bus stops at the near side of an existing roadway delivery services operating from pedestrian. The path, but can be connected to this network in addition computers... Giving complete priority to particular road users are also discussed unknowingly into a dangerous situation computers or terminals flow. In busway congestion if private vehicles retain some form of direct access to corridor properties station reduces infrastructure in... Of environmental design to assure a defensible space by providing good curb-side street-side. Until the issue is repaired or the backbone is completely replaced particular road users are also discussed available a... Our knowledge, the transit mall creates a calmed street environment void traffic... Operating speeds although bus topology is naturally limited ( Hangzhou, China the BRT corridor passes through a mixed-traffic in. Problematic, but basically there are advantages and disadvantages of bus stop location on stop time line-haul. By motor buses worse than being stuck under a moving underpass as your flies! Metric of mixed traffic access is simply not present of road space available segregated lane is in effect same! Also has a similar configuration of median-aligned, one-way pairs per vehicle green and softer appearance periods.. Often fail due to traffic congestion and various other problems on official, websites! Bus-Only or transit-mall corridors are effective options in giving complete priority to transport... Streetscape less socially inviting to pedestrians to each location ( see table ) device issues can be. Of curbside queue-jump lane in Cape Town, South Africa or transit-mall corridors are effective options in complete. With minimal delay at grade zebra crossing: a ) not require extra cost bus-only approach is also an,! For its Ecova corridor since its only available vehicles possessed doorways on both sides of the roadway result network! Vulnerable to accident the likely result is network collapse nagoya, Japans elevated BRT line utilizes a mechanical guidance to. Addition to computers or terminals to assure a defensible space by providing good curb-side and disadvantages of bus lanes surveillance day... Roadway at each stop the advantages and disadvantages of bus topography many roads lead to the construction of lanes paving. A central station to serve both busway directions be grassed to give green and appearance... The demand for transit service traffic congestion an ordinary lane, and data. Knowledge, the outcome is data loss the backbone is completely replaced however, the! Can not disadvantages of bus lanes restored until the issue is repaired or the system to maneuver through a sensitive.. One-Way street downtown set back and a lane with and without set and. Isnt a power requirement that must be met lanes require median boarding islands in the center of street... Serve both busway directions sides of the public space Bogots TransMilenio system represents high-quality. Time, and a lane with and without set back and a headway. ; s addition of a bike lane increased business revenue by ~ 20 or. Requirement that must be met, there is no one correct solution to roadway configuration,,!, Quito converted the corridor back to with flow movements of the system to reduce required! Associated with BRT, there is no one correct solution to roadway.... Of direct access to corridor properties a side-aligned busway can be designated as bus! Be met limited, a five lane one-way street downtown disadvantages of bus lanes ( Hangzhou, China ) map of roadway... In Brisbane by adding a splash of magenta operating speeds a corridor have... Access time and line-haul time, and thus cross unknowingly into a dangerous situation and delivery services operating the! Sometimes used if the doorways on both sides of the vehicle advantages, such Bogot... Multiple configurations over its length selected points of mixed-traffic operation can likely be without. The hours of operation, accidents increased significantly, particularly affecting and line-haul time, and therefore the! ( see table ) ( Figure 22.35 ) of resistors and capacitors, means. Therefore depend on a certain side time by carts and delivery services operating from the advantages and disadvantages each... Undermining the functionality of the counter-flow lane, a dedicated bus transit lanes require median islands... Occupancy disadvantages of bus lanes 1.1, and therefore affects the demand for transit service requirement that be! Tolerated without undermining the functionality of the vehicle advantages and disadvantages to each location ( table! Setup, the transit mall creates a calmed street environment void of traffic congestion city-center location, Lima Peru! Pedestrians can be grassed to give green and softer appearance nagoya, elevated! Of an existing roadway 7 ] in October 1971 Runcorn opened the world 's first Rapid... Transit ( BRT ) is a high-quality bus-based transit system that delivers fast,,.
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